History of Mathematics

History of Mathematics180 BC Hypsicles Number possible actionHypsicles was born in 190 B.C. in Alexandria Egypt. He was a mathematician and astronomer. He wrote the Anaphorikos or On the Ascension of Stars, where he divided the Zodiac into 360 and used arithmetic progression, a sequence in which each number increases by the uniform amount over the previous genius (OConnor Robertson, 1999). He also wrote prevail XIV of Euclids Elements, which was concerned with inscribing regular solids in a sports stadium (Hypsicles of Alexandria, 2008).Diophantus of Alexandria, writer of the Arithmetica, which was the most dominant number theoretic work of superannuated times, explained properties of polygonal metrical composition and added a rule to get the nth m-agonal number, n 2 + (n 1) (m 2)/2, which he credited to Hypsicles (Tattersall, 2005).The number theory, a branch of mathematics, is concerned with the vignette of the integers, and of the objects and structures that naturally arise from their study (Number Theory, 2004).ReferencesHypsicles of Alexandria. (2008, January 1). Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved November 30, 2013, from http//www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hypsicles_of_Alexandria.aspxOConnor, J. J., Robertson, E. F. (1999). Hypsicles of Alexandria. Hypsicles biography. Retrieved November 30, 2013, from http//www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Hypsicles.htmlTattersall, J. J. (2005).Elementary number theory in nine chapters(2nd ed.). Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Number Theory. (2004, February 1). number theory planetmath.org. Retrieved November 29, 2013, from http//planetmath.org/numbertheory60 BC Geminus twin PostulateGeminus was a Greek mathematician and astronomer, who thrived in the 1st century B.C. zip fastener is known about his personal biography, unless his works suggested the possibility that he lived or worked on Rhodes. The Theory of Mathematics, which discussed the logical subdivisions of the mathematical sciences, was attri buted to Geminus (Geminus, 2008). Geminus examined the principles behind concepts much(prenominal) as hypothesis, theorem, postulate, axiom, etc. and gave historical accounts of the phylogeny of the subjects (OConnor Robertson, 1999). In addition, The Theory of Mathematics included some relevant condemnation of Euclids postulates, specifically the fifth, the parallel postulate, for which, he supposed, he found a proof (Geminus, 2008).The parallel postulate is Euclids fifth postulate equivalent to the idea that there is a unique parallel to any line done a point not on the line. (OConnor Robertson, 1999)ReferencesOConnor, J. J., Robertson, E. F. (1999). Geminus. Geminus biography. Retrieved declination 1, 2013, from http//www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Geminus.htmlGeminus. (2008, January 1). Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved celestial latitude 1, 2013, from http//www.encyclopedia.com/ mendelevium/1G2-2830901609.htmlCultural100 BC Birth of Julius CaesarJulius Caesar, one of the most authoritative and famous men in Ancient Rome, was born in July 12 or 13 100 BC in Rome and was killed during the Ides of marching in 44 BC. He was a papist general, a statesman, an orator, a lawgiver, and a historian, who transformed the Roman republic into the powerful Roman conglomerate (Julius Caesar biography, n.d.). The following are some of his achievements (Julius Caesar, n.d.)He never lost in war.He was the leader of the invasion of Britain in 55 B.C.He meliorate laws to benefit the people and made laws against the corrupt and unjust.He amended the Roman calendar, which is the one in use todayHe cleared up the system of the Roman republic and became the benchmark to future Roman emperors and European leadersReferencesJulius Caesar biography. (n.d.). Bio.com. Retrieved November 30, 2013, from http//www.biography.com/people/julius-caesar-9192504Julius Caesar. (n.d.). Julius Caesar. Retrieved November 30, 2013, from http//www.roman-empire.net/republic/caesar.h tml20 BC Virgil AeneidPublius Vergulius Maro, Vergil or Virgil in English, was born in October 70 BC, near Mantua in northern Italy. Virgil, one of the best Roman poets, is known for his works the Ecologues, the Georgics and the epic Aeneid.The Aenid is considered as the Romans national epic. Virgil started to write the epic that will summarize his noble-minded Rome when Augustus became the ruler. The story is about Aeneus, a Trojan hero, whose mission is to sacrifice a new Rome. The Aeneid shows the earliest days and destiny of Rome (Virgil, n.d.).Virgil worked on the Aeneid for the remaining years of his life, but he died because of a fever in 19 B.C., leaving the epic unfinished. He wished for Aeineid to be destroyed, but the menstruation ruler, Augustus ordered for it to be finished and published. The Aeneid appeared in 17 B.C. (Virgil, 2004)ReferencesVirgil. (2004, January 1). Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved celestial latitude 1, 2013, from http//www.encyclopedia.com/ commercial ism/1G2-3404706635.htmlVirgil. (n.d.). PBS. Retrieved December 1, 2013, from http//www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/virgil.html4 BC Birth of Christdeliverer Christ, also known as Jesus of Nazareth, was born in 4 B.C. He was the founder and center of Christianity, one of the most influential religions in the world. Only a little was known about the childhood of Jesus, but the four biblical gospels Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John provide an account from his give to his ministry (Jesus Christ biography, n.d.).ReferencesJesus Christ biography. (n.d.). Bio.com. Retrieved December 2, 2013, from http//www.biography.com/people/jesus-christ-9354382Jesus of Nazareth. (2004, January 1). Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 2, 2013, from http//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404703308.htmlJesus of Nazareth Biography. (n.d.). World Biography. Retrieved December 2, 2013, from http//www.notablebiographies.com/Ho-Jo/Jesus-of-Nazareth.htmlADMathematicalAD 50 shun numbers used in China proscribe numbe rs are numbers that are less than zero. The concept of controvert numbers started in China. Negative numbers were used in baseball club Chapters on the Mathematical Art of Jiuzhang Suanchu in solving systems of simultaneous equations. The suan chuck (counting rods) method was done with the use of red rods for positive quantities and black rods for cast out quantities (Negative Number, n.d.). The rules for signed numbers were also given.The Chinese contribution of negative numbers is very important since it completed the whole numbers and rational numbers.ReferencesNegative Number. (n.d.). Negative Number. Retrieved November 30, 2013, from http//www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_madeinchina/2005-08/18/content_71977.htmAD 75 Heron measurements, roots, appraiseHeron of Alexandria, sometimes called Hero, is a Greek Mathematician and Engineer born in 10 A.D. Almost nothing is known about Herons personal life. Herons brilliance was shown in his writings in mathematics and mechanics. He wrot e at least 13 books in his life covering topics such(prenominal) as geometry and mathematics, surveying, mechanics, pneumatics, automatic machines, war machines, optics and many to a greater extent (Shuttleworth, n.d.).Metrica, a series made up of three books, concentrates on calculations of areas and volumes of bodies such as cones, cylinders, pyramids etc. The Heros formula, which stated the area of a triangle with given sides, A = sqrs(s-a)(s-b)(s-c) where s = (a+b+c)/2, was found in the Book I of Metrica (OConnor Robertson, 1999). Heron used arithmetic to solve heterogeneous quadratic equations arithmetically, estimated the square roots of non-square numbers, and calculated cube roots (Hero of Alexandria, 2008). Mensurae consists of exposit of the different tools for measuring. Dioptra contains practical and mathematical methods for land surveying (Heron of Alexandria, n.d.).ReferencesHero of Alexandria. (2008, January 1). Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 1, 2013, from ht tp//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404702942.htmlHeron Of Alexandria. (n.d.). Famous Mathematicians. Retrieved December 1, 2013, from http//www.famous-mathematicians.com/heron-of-alexandria/OConnor, J. J., Robertson, E. F. (1999). Heron of Alexandria. Heron biography. Retrieved December 1, 2013, from http//www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Heron.htmlShuttleworth, M. (n.d.). Heron of Alexandria A Beautiful Mind. Explorable. Retrieved December 1, 2013, from http//explorable.com/heron-of-alexandria