Inherent Fallacies Essay

We humans live in a world were illogical fallacies run rampant. In 12 Angry Men the author illustrates everyday illogical fallacies people have in the setting of a court jury. Jurors: 3, 4, 7 and 10 have their own fallacies that are unique to them in the play; but can be found in common people in everyday people. In 12 Angry Men the illogical fallacy for Juror Number 3 is a general fallacy. This fallacy is the result of an emotional prejudice by juror 3 has as he compares the defendant with his own child. Juror 3 says in the play, You’re right. It’s the kids.  The way they are—you know? They don’t listen. I’ve got a kid. When he was eight years old, he ran away from a fight. I saw him. I was so ashamed, I told him right out, â€Å"I’m gonna make a man out of you or I’m gonna bust you up into little pieces trying. † When he was fifteen he hit me in the face. He’s big, you know. I haven’t seen him in three years. Rotten kid! You work your heart out†¦. All right, let’s get on with it. (Reginald Rose 8) His emotional prejudice gets in the way of his critically thinking through the evidence because he has emotional conflict with his own son. He is grouping all teens together because of his altercation with his son, and Juror 3 is just punishing the young man on trial because he cannot come to turns with his own failings as a parent with his child. Towards the end of the play Juror 3 is all alone on the vote count; he â€Å"looks around at all of them for a long time. They sit silently, waiting for him to speak, and all of them despise him for his stubbornness. Then, suddenly, his face contorts as if he is about to cry, and he slams his fist down on the table† †¦ (thundering) All right† (30). Juror Number 4 and 10 each has prejudices about slum dwellers. This prejudice gives way to genetic fallacies in each juror’s thinking that at the beginning of the deliberations cause them to vote guilty in the initial preliminary vote. Juror 4, for example, says, We’re missing the point here. This boy—let’s say he’s a product of a filthy neighborhood and a broken home. We can’t help that. We’re not here to go into the reasons why slums are breeding grounds for criminals. They are. I know it. So do you. The children who come out of slum backgrounds are potential menaces to society. 23) The play says that he is a man of wealth and position. We can also determine this by his attitude about people from the ghetto from his previously mentioned statement. Juror 10 is prejudice for the fact that he came from the slums,I don’t mind telling you, mister. We don’t owe him a thing. He got a fair trial, didn’t he? You know what that trial cost? He’s lucky he got it. Look, we’re all grownups here. You’re not going to tell us that we’re supposed to believe him, knowing what he is. I’ve lived among ’em all my life. You can’t believe a word they say. You know that. 5) This line of thinking also can be seen when Juror 4 tells them, â€Å"Next, the boy claims that on the way home the knife must have fallen through a hole in his coat pocket, that he never saw it again. Now there’s a story, gentlemen. You know what actually happened. The boy took the knife home and a few hours later stabbed his father with it and even remembered to wipe off the fingerprints† (9). Juror Number Seven has no need to go over the facts again; he votes with whatever the majority of the vote is deciding. Juror 7 is in a hurry to get to the play he has tickets for as noted on page 3, â€Å"Right. This better be fast. I’ve got tickets to The Seven Year Itch tonight. I must be the only guy in the whole world who hasn’t seen it yet. (He laughs and sits down. ) Okay, your honor, start the show† (3). His prejudice that gets in the way of him critically thinking through the case is selfishness, which leads to a slippery slope illogical fallacy in the play. He says to the foreman,I don’t know, most of it’s been said already. We can talk all day about this thing, but I think we’re wasting our time. Look at the kid’s record. At fifteen he was in reform school. He stole a car. He’s been arrested for mugging. He was picked up for knife-fighting. I think they said he stabbed somebody in the arm. This is a very fine boy. (7) This statement highlights the laziness of juror 7 to mean for not necessarily do any of those things correlate with killing his father. The prejudices of all jurors are the basis of the story. These prejudices lead to many illogical fallacies that are shown and resolved throughout the play for each juror. They are attempts by the author to show how every day are riddled with fallacies of logic and how people’s personal conflicts cloud their critical thinking to reason. This play suggests that we all need to examine ourselves before we rush to any type of judgment.

India Luxury Market Essay

Market Trend There was a slow-down in the growth in sales of premium and luxury watches in India in 2008-’09. It prompted the market leader Titan industries to enter the economy market. Following the footsteps, luxury watch brands like Tag Heuer and Rolex introduced low-price models. But in recent years, mobile phones may also have dampened growth in the penetration of watches in India, as they provide a time read-out as well as alarm and other time-related functions. Watch industry experts believe that their product’s original function is increasingly losing importance, and that wristwatches are now being bought as fashion accessories. Owning more than one watch is like owning different pieces of jewellery. Competitive landscape The economy watch demand is being met for the most part by the unorganised sector and by direct imports. The premium segment is increasingly being peppered by fashion brands such as Esprit, Swatch, Fossil and Tommy Hilfiger. There has also been strong value growth for these brands, with growing demand from middle- and upper-income groups in urban India. Titan, HMT and Maxima are the leading Indian players and Timex, Casio and Swatch are now the strong multinational players in the market. More multinationals are entering the retail market, but no new domestic companies have done so, and the multinationals’ share of value sales has increased over the review period. Premium Brand & Product Perception With the watches market in India now becoming fashion and style driven, especially at the premium end, companies now launch models and designs every six months. International brands such as Fossil launch spring/summer and winter ranges. Titan, on the other hand, times its launches to fit in with the Indian festive season – Deepavali and weddings. Companies like Casio and Swatch and luxury brands like Rolex are exploring a niche market for chronographs, but this is currently negligible. Companies also need to respond to product innovations. The Citizen eco-friendly watch has been well received in India and is reportedly selling well in its price bracket, eliminating the trouble of replacing batteries and encouraging the use of multiple watches. Apparel brands such as Esprit, Tommy Hilfiger, Benetton and Levi’s have all gained familiarity among India’s urban youth, who may become more willing to try these brands’ premium watches. Affluent, urban Indians may feel more comfortable about buying premium watches, while continuing to regard luxury watches as examples of overindulgent or insensitive spending. ‘New’ Rich India : The ‘New’ rich India is now indulging into the experience of owning Luxury Brands. India’s rapidly growing high-end retail market is expected to increase from the around $3. 5 billion in 2008 to $30 billion by 2015. Luxury clothing, fragrances, premium wine, high-end watches have achieved good penetration among male Indian consumers. Among women, jewellery and cosmetics can already boast high levels of awareness, followed by categories such as handbags and mobile phones. These items, while not necessarily being better (in quality, performance, or appearance) than their less expensive substitutes, are purchased with the main purpose of displaying wealth or income or status symbol of their owners. There is a distinct shift from ‘Old luxury’ to ‘New luxury’. Old luxury is defined by the attributes, qualities and features of the product, whilst ‘New luxury’ is defined by the consumer’s point of focus on the experience that their purchase stimulates and not in ownership or possession of the product itself. † The customers Redefined luxury as they believe it to be a sign of self worth – â€Å"They are worth it;† it authenticates the buyer’s success and status; it is a signal to others that the owner is a member of an exclusive group; They require flawless performance in this application, the cost of product malfunction is too high to buy anything but the best. Motivation of Study: The matter of wearing and enjoying fine timepieces is a passion that these days must be justified. We like nice expensive watches even though cheap watches exist to do the same thing. Hence like any other luxury good , today modern shoppers buy luxury goods to reward themselves, to satisfy psychological needs or to make themselves feel good to show off their personality or to boost their self-esteem. Contribution of the research: This study aims to understand the above said consumer buying behaviour which will help the present marketing Managers to better reposition their branding and advertising strategy to capture the correct target market for luxury products to boost the sales in times where economy are at a challenge. Literature Review: Research Objective: This study intends to find out if consumer buying behaviour of young purchasers are influenced by factors such as premium price of luxury watches, perceived quality of luxury watches, societal status and brand loyalty associated with the consumption of luxury brand. This study also intends to evaluate whether perceived qualities of the luxury branded watch have influence on the buying decision of consumer. It is also intended to determine whether the high quality standards of luxury watches are the reasoning consumers opt for the luxury watches. Affiliations of social status of acquiring certain luxury branded goods will also be studied to understand whether consumer buying luxury branded goods just for the matter of being affiliate with certain quarters of people having the same luxury brand of goods. This study also will also evaluate whether brand loyalty of luxury brand will influence the buying decision of consumer. This study also aims to uncover whether a person who has been abroad is a reason for the consumer purchasing a luxury watch Research Question: The purpose of this study is to evaluate what motivational factors encourage consumers into purchasing luxury brand watches . In evaluating this statement , this study aims to answer the following questions : †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Is it the price or the type of users of the brand that drives the buying behaviour of the consumer for luxury branded goods? Is it the strong emotion of discriminating themselves with the lower class consumers that drives higher class consumers to turn to luxury brands? Is it the tag name of a mega brand that drives the long term demand for that luxury brand? Is gender a deterministic factor in deciding the purchase of a luxury brand? If yes then what factors are important gender wise ? Is it the product utility or the brand perception that is key for luxury watch brands? Will a person’s visit abroad influence his decision to purchase a luxury watch? Previous Research contribution : Findings of overall previous research indicate that individual’s preferences plays a key role in purchasing luxury goods. Individual’s preferences may be based on desire and non-desires, which are based on experience in purchasing luxury items from their satisfaction, or nondesire such as bias towards brand products. Leibenstein (1950, p. 188) classified demand of goods and services consumption in relevant to motivation into two main aspects: functional and non-functional. Functional demand is â€Å"demand for a commodity which is due to the qualities inherent in the commodity itself†. On the contrary, demand of goods consumption that comes from other factors, which is not the product quality, is defined non-functional demand. The outcome from Leibenstein’s (1950) study especially stresses the role of interpersonal effects towards luxury brands consumption, and derived three main effects; Veblen, Snob, and Bandwagon INTERPERSONAL EFFECTS Perceived Conspicuous Value Perceived unique Value Perceived Social Value Ostentation Non-Conformity Conformity VEBLENIAN SNOB BANDWAGON Interpersonal effects (Vigenron & Johnson) (1999 p. 7) Veblen Effect: The Veblen effect can be explained through conspicuous consumption in which people feel that it is necessary to purchase luxury products because they have a high price tag (Leibenstein, 1950). Conspicuous consumption is use by people to show wealth, power and status (Veblen, 1899). Prices of product have a significant aspect in consumers’ opinion of quality (Vigneron & Johnson, 1999). Studies by Erickson & Johansson (1995) have shown that price is used to judge quality of luxury products between a range of brands. Usually people would associate high prices with better quality. Additionally, those who do associate high prices with better quality would also suggest that high prices show a considerable amount of prestige (Lichtenstein et al. , 1993). Snob Effect: The snob effect takes into account personal and emotional desires (personal effects), and the influence of other people’s behaviour (interpersonal effects) towards the purchasing of luxury brand products (see Figure 1). The snob effect can be further explained through two circumstances. Firstly, the launch on new products which creates exclusivity in which the snob would purchase the product immediately because a minor amount of consumers at that particular time would have acquired it. Snob consumers only purchase â€Å"limited items that have a high value, whereas those readily available are less desirable. Rare items demand respect and prestige† (Solomon, 1994,p. 570). Products that are viewed as unique, popular, and expensive causes a higher demand for consumers (Verhallen & Robben, 1994), especially snob consumers. Snyder and Fromkin (1977) support the statement by Verhallen and Robben (1994) suggesting that people have the desire to be unique. India:The Affluent Masses: Luxury volumes have been spurred by a significant growth in the rich in recent past. The new rich come in varied shapes, sizes and style quotients. Exporters, multinational bankers, college kids earning plum salaries at call centers or BPO operations, well-heeled corporate wives, and successful entrepreneurs. What they have in common is that they have very high purchasing power Bandwagon Effect : The bandwagon effect represents consumers who purchase luxury products because they wish to fit in with a particular group. For example, people would consume products that are fashionable and stylish to associate themselves to similar people (Berry, 1994). Dubois & Duquesne (1993) explains that the snob and bandwagon effect are not alike. Although the similarity between the bandwagon and the snob effect is that people wish to enhance their self-concepts, the differentiation is that they purchase luxury items for different reasons. Bandwagon consumers purchase items to be fit in with others, whereas snob consumers purchase items to be unique and stand out. Individuals who fit in with groups that purchase luxury brand products and/ or wish to differentiate themselves from people who do not purchase luxury brands are influenced by the bandwagon effect (Vigneron & Johnson,1999) Luxury is reward :First time/New Purchasers :They use luxury goods as a status symbol to say â€Å"I’ve made it! †. They are motivated by their desire to be successful and demonstrate this to others. Luxury brands that have widespread recognition are popular; however they don’t wish to appear lavish or hedonistic in their appearance. They want to purchase â€Å"smart† luxury that exhibit importance while not leaving them open to criticism. Personal Effects : Consuming luxury products can also be from personal desires and taste. PERSONAL EFFECTS Perceived Emotional Value Perceived Quality Value Self-Actualization Reassurance HEDONIST PERFECTIONIST Personal effects (Vigenron & Johnson) (1999 p. 8) Hedonic Effect The hedonic effect occurs when consumers purchase luxury products and value the item. People who purchase items for self-fulfillment (e. g.inner direct consumers, Riesman, et al. , 1950, or role relaxed consumers, Kahle, 1995), and those who are not affected by interpersonal influences (e. g. conforming to group norms,Bearden, et al. , 1989) represent the hedonic effect. Dichter (1960) explains that motivation of noncognitive and unconscious is able to persuade consumer preference of products. Products that are consumed are known to have an emotional value that is added to their character (Vigneron & Johnson, 1999). When consumers purchase luxury products they expect that the item will offer benefits such as exclusiveness. Dubois & Laurent, (1994) stated that if products create an emotional value for consumers, it represents that the product is beneficial and holds an important characteristic. Perfectionist Effect The perfectionist effect exists when consumers purchase luxury items and expects superior products and performance as well as quality (Vigneron & Johnson,1999). People who represent the perfectionist effect are those who are associated to personal values and judge a product according to their value of a luxury band product. An example of the perfectionist effect is when consumers are purchasing a luxury watch they expect it to be accurate. According to Groth and McDaniel, (1993, p. 10) stated that â€Å"high prices may even make certain products or service more desirable†, because people view products with high prices with great quality (Rao & Monroe, 1989). Additionally, consumers may assess the level of how luxury a product is by its quality (Vigneron and Johnson, 1999). Methodology Research Method: Quantitative data consists of closed end information that includes numerical figures. The study has collected quantitative data by applying closed-end questions towards a questionnaire. Focus Group Discussion to understand attributes both physical and emotional that influence the purchase of a luxury watch. The group comprised of 7 individuals , 3 female and 4 male participants who have been users of luxury watches. Data Collection: Primary Data collection: Gathering information from consumers of luxury watches through online questionnaire survey Secondary Data Collection: Research insights and hypothesis design with the help of previously published research work on luxury goods buying behaviour. Sampling: Non-probability sampling method is adopted. Since the target audience or respondents of interest are consumers of premium or luxury watches, the sampling method adopted here is convenience sampling and snow-ball sampling. Measurement & Scaling: Measurement Techniques used ? Perception map : ? Utility of features in the watch : Chronograph, Double dial, Indicator light etc. ? Stylish Designs that make the watch a fashion statement Respondents were asked to rate the 10 different brands in order to obtain their perception of these brands on the above defined dimensions Based on two predefined dimensions i. e ? ? ? Exploratory Factor Analysis : To understand the underlying factors influencing the purchase behaviour of luxury watch for men & women and overall Regression: To understand which interpersonal & personal effect is critical when consumers make a luxury watch purchase decision Discriminant Analysis: To understand the group behaviours based on the following discriminating variable ? Gender ? Trip abroad ? Work Experience:Purchasing power ? AMOS : Confirmatory Factor analysis to ascertain the Exploratory Factor Analysis RESULT AND ANALYSIS 1. Discriminant Analysis: Work-Ex & Fresher Inference: Wilk’s lambda (0.627) is more than 0. 4 which is not significant; Box M test is also insignificant However based on analysis top 5 attributes discriminating work ex & fresher are Attributes Q5_7_attribute_analog Q5_2_attribute_alarm Q5_12_attribute_torch Q5_9__attribute_calculator Q4_8_attribute_celebrity_endorsement Variable weight of discriminating function -. 366 . 361 . 331 . 271 . 262 2. Discriminant Analysis: Gender Inference: Wilk’s lambda (0. 578) is more than 0. 4 which is not significant; based on analysis top 5 attributes discriminating males & females Attributes Variable weight of discriminating function. Q4_3_attrifashion_statement Q5_3_attribute_dualclock Q5_13_attribute_barometer Q5_8_attribute_motionsensor Q9_2_buy_in_store .329 -. 285 -. 269 -. 259 -. 255 3. Discriminant Analysis: Abroad Visit Inference: Wilk’s lambda (0. 573) is more than 0. 4 which is not significant; however based on analysis top 5 attributes discriminating foreign visited and not visited people Attributes Q5_9__attribute_calculator Q5_6_attribute_color Q5_16_attribute_warranty Q5_11_attribute_straptype Q4_9_attribute_brand_image Variable weight of discriminating function . 228 . 225 . 221 -. 207 -. 205 3) Exploratory Factor Analysis-(Male & Female) Research Question:- Is gender a deterministic factor in deciding the purchase of the luxury watch. If yes what factors are important gender wise? Hypothesis:- Women while making luxury goods purchase give more importance to emotional factors whereas Men go for Physical Utility features Factor analysis for male respndents(58 males) Results:? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Fac1(Ostentation): o o o o o o o o ? ? ? ? ? ? Sth to remmeber, hand gesture, to be unique Fac2(value added feature) Calculator,digital,compass. Fac3(Generic requirements) Shape, water resistance Fac4(Economic requirements) Discounts Fac 5(Tech savvy) Compass, Motion sensor Fac 6(basic) Analog,water resistance Fac 7(Wrist suitability) Strap type Fac 8(extra feautres):Date and day display, brand image Exploratory factor analysis female Respondents (23 females):Fac1(Economical): o o o o o o Warranty, after sales, analog, emotional satisfaction Fac2(Style) Social status, to be unique, fashion statement Fac3(Special requirements) Alarm,altimeter, digital,dual clock Fac4(value added feature) Calculator,compass,barometer, torch. Fac 5(Tech savvy) Hand gesture,discount Fac 6(Exclusivity) Motion sensor,alarm,brand image Result Analysis:? Men:o Attach importance to Ostentaion, value added feaures and style(veblenian effect and perfectionist effect are dominating) ? Women:o Style, Economic attributes an generic requirements ( Hedonist and snob effects dominate 4. Checking the Interpersonal and personal effects shown by males and female while purchase of luxury watch in Store Research Question:o Is it the price or the type of users of the brand that drives the buying behaviour of the consumer for luxury branded goods? o Is it the strong emotion of discriminating themselves with the lower class consumers that drives higher class consumers to turn to luxury brands? o Is it the product utility or the brand perception that is key for luxury watch brands? Hypothesis:-Luxury watch purchase is primarily to show off and as an indicator of status symbol: veneblian effect. Users also buy luxury watches due to perceived emotional value or for hedonist reasons Veneblian Effect:- Snob Effect Bandwagon Effect Hedonistic effect Type of effect Veneblian snob Bandwagon Hedonistic Coefficient 0. 517 0. 499 0. 274 0. 305. Inference:- As we can clearly observe from the above table that the veneblian effect is very prominent in all cases of interpersonal or personal effects. That means People tend to buy Luxury watches to show off of their Public and Social Status. Snob and Bandwagon effect follows Veneblian effect. 5. Regression Analysis to check whether long term demand for luxury watches is driven by brand image Research Question : Is it the brand image that drives the long term demand for that luxury brand? Hypothesis : Brand Image for lucury brands is responsible for the long term demand of these watches. Inference : Regression is insignificant with respect to the variables that drive brand image. Even the R^square value is 0. 071. Hence we can infer that brand image is not a good factor to explain the long term demand for luxury watches. 6. AMOS The default model is created based on exploratory factor analysis and taking research literature into account. Model Fit Summary Check: Cmin/DF 2-5 OK GFI > 0. 9 Not OK PGFI>0. 5 OK NFI,TLI,CFI>0. 9 Not OK RMSEA max 0. 1 Not OK Model is comparatively fit as such But Goodness of fit index is not holding well. Validity & Construct Reliability S No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Attributes Q4_1_attribute_social_status Q4_3_attribute_fashion_statement Q4_2_attribute_to_be_unique Q4_6_attribute_emotional_satisfaction Q4_9_attribute_brand_image Q5_9__attribute_calculator Q5_10_attribute_compass Q5_12_attribute_torch Q5_13_attribute_barometer Q5_3_attribute_dualclock Q5_4_attribute_altimeter Q5_2_attribute_alarm Q5_5_attribute_digital Q5_7_attribute_analog Q5_8_attribute_motionsensor Q5_16_attribute_warranty Q4_10_attribute_secon_time_brandpurchase Q4_4_attribute_premiumwatch_collection Q4_8_attribute_celebrity_endorsements. Constructs Error e1 e2 Delta 1. 028 1. 079 0. 608 0. 635 1. 282 1. 323 1. 687 1. 473 1. 793 1. 816 1. 032 2. 133 1. 407 1. 074 2. 078 0. 179 1. 402 1. 367 2. 019 Lambda 1 0. 67 0. 922 0. 884 0. 997 1 0. 912 0. 971 0. 774 1 1. 135 1. 005 1. 258 1 0. 876 0. 84 0. 403 1. 231 1 AVE CR Exclusivity e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 0. 81 0. 81 Tech_Savvy e8 e9 e14 0. 84 0. 68 Value_Added _Feature e15 e16 e17 e21 1. 22 0. 75 Reliability e22 e23 e26 0. 82 0. 69 Brand_Perce ption.

Material Flow Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Material Flow Accounting - Essay Example These methods have proved popular at national levels following the new Think Green Trend which now seems to have taken over even the fiscal and monetary policy of the public and private sector and has often even been termed a system for integrated environmental and economic accounting. Browne (2005).The EIA and the EMS have proved to be very popular tools of the Environmental Impact Assessment strategies and the trend has so far not been restricted to the USA but many other jurisdictions are now changing their laws (particularly the EU) in order to be better able to reduce the stress on natural sources and the environmental impacts and increase the operating efficiency of certain firms which may otherwise be an environmental hazard. (Durrenberger, G., Hartmann, C.2002).The EIS is fast becoming a tool for An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and such a statement through the use of accounting techniques like the MFA and LCA(discussed down below will be used to give an assessment of the positive and/or negative environmental influences that a project may have on the environment. The statement will then identify and foresee the social and biological impacts ion the environment as a part of good practice and sometimes legal compulsion in many countries today to decide whether the project being undertaken is worth the damage it will have on the environment. ... (Fehily, Timoney & Co. 1999).To facilitate such as analysis two techniques have developed in the yester decades to provide a more technical prediction of the environmental cost and benefit analysis. (Fehily, Timoney & Co. 1999)Firstly there is the Material flow analysis (MFA) which will amalgamate the material flows with in a development transaction and will also calculate indicators and develop strategies and measures for improving material flow systems.Thus academic opinion has endorsed it a credible method of assuring the sustainability of industrial ecology along with the techniques of LCA ( life cycle assessment).The MFA will be used while making decisions in the EMS and EIS by capturing the mass balances in an economy or an upcoming development transaction , where inputs (extractions + imports) equal outputs (consumptions + exports+ accumulation + wastes), and will utilize the laws of Thermodynamics. (Fehily, Timoney & Co. 1999).This method facilitates the decision making proce ss in the Impact Assessment by recognizing that the total amount of matter and energy involved at each and every stage of the economic cycle is required for all economic activities. The pith and substance of the analysis thus becomes the query whether flow of materials is sustainable in terms of the environmental burden it creates. (Fehily, Timoney & Co. 1999). In an EIS statement the MFA will be used to minimize the flow of materials while maximizing the human welfare generated by the flow. This is because the MFA system is involved in the monitoring of wastes that are typically unaccounted for in traditional economic analyses. (Kahn, H., Brown, W., Martel, L. 1976). Similarly then we have the system for the life

American Military English Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American Military English - Assignment Example 1. Students will view the animated graphics. 2. He will ask the participants to identify the different symbols. 2. Participants will give the name of the different symbols. 3. Participants will give the meaning of each alphabet which was presented in the computer monitor. 3. Students will boot the computer and open the HyperStudio presentations. 4. He will ask the participants to give the meaning based on military operations settings 4. Let them give the meaning. 5. The teacher will ask the participants to give the proper sound of each alphabet with assigned meaning. 5. Participants will pronounce the words presented on the monitor. 6. He will allow the participants to view the movie for familiarizations of sounds (Pronunciation). 6. The participants will view and listen to the movie. 7. The teacher will ask the participants to view the new animation and read the alphabet symbols with the assigned word. 7. The participants view the animations and read the alphabet symbols with the assigned word. 8. The teacher will ask the participants to spell out the symbols of the English alphabet with word meaning. 8. Participants will enumerate the symbols of the English alphabet with word meaning. 9. The teacher will ask the participants if they usually encountered the word meaning in every operation. 9. Participants will explain their previous experience with alphabet symbols with the assigned word. 10. The teacher will ask the participants to try out different animation and graphics 10. Let them do another designed animations. VII. Evaluation: A. Give at least five different symbols of the English alphabet with word meaning you encountered in the discussions. 1. _______________________ 4. _______________________ 2....This can further be enhanced with the use of HyperStudio which is a multimedia software program system using McIntosh computers. The delivery of the lesson requires having a copy of HyperStudio and tutorial running simultaneously on a preferable McIntosh computer system. This will allow receipt of help from McIntosh when assistance is necessary.1 The "Table of Contents," located at the left of this page, allow you to skip those parts of the program that you already feel comfortable with. If you already understand how to insert text into a Word document you do not need to waste your time reading how to do it again here. For those of you that would like to take this tutorial step by step, there is a "Next" button at the end of every page that will take you to the next page in the tutorial. Good luck, have fun, and most of all, do not be afraid to explore HyperStudio. We have covered most of the basics for creating effective hyperlinked presentations, but we do not have space to cover all of the wonderful tools thatHyperStudio comes with. Try new buttons and shortcuts to see what happens. A new stack in HyperStudio is akin to a stack of index cards. Your presentation will be a "stack" of these index cards placed one on top of the next. A stack is the entire presentation, made up of those cards. The first step in getting HyperStudio rea

An empirical study on foreign language anxiety and its impact on Thesis

An empirical study on foreign language anxiety and its impact on students' language acquisition and classroom progress and achievement - Thesis Example The foundation year is a crucial phase between school and university level study which often determines the course of a student’s academic career. It is a time when study habits are formed, and choices are made about future subjects. There is considerable research on what factors help and what factors hinder students in second language acquisition. Early research looked at motivation and attitude (Gardner and Lambert, 1972) but since then several different approaches have been developed and the terminology used to describe this field does vary considerably. Young (1998) and Arnold (1999) approach the subject using the broad term â€Å"affect† to cover all kinds of emotional contributions that students bring to the classroom, while Horowitz (1997) uses the approach of â€Å"beliefs about language learning† which emphasizes the kind of concepts that students have in their minds about the business of learning a language. Horowitz (1988) demonstrated that what students believe about language learning influences how they learn, and most crucially also how well they learn. In an empirical study Horowitz et al. (1986) focus on the element of foreign language anxiety as â€Å"a conceptually distinct variable in foreign language learning† and note that this may be partly caused by teaching methods that encourage a defensive position (Horowitz et al. 1986, p. 125). Its effects can include the production of shorter written texts, more concrete utterances and fewer qualifications. Test anxiety is factor for some students, while others are even afraid to speak in class because they fear being negatively evaluated by their classmates or by the teacher. The work of these researchers on group of second language learners in Texas resulted in the development of the â€Å"Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale† (Horowitz et al., 1986, p. 129). This is a very useful tool designed to ascertain the sco pe and severity of foreign

Fashion journalism and Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Fashion journalism and Internet - Essay Example It is not clear when this great disparity in the presentation of media began, but it is evident that there has been a great change in the presentation of fashion journalism by the media (Hall-Duncan 1979 pp.23). Among the contrivances that led to the development of fashion journalism before the introduction of internet include use of print media like magazines, televisions that aroused the curiosity of many people towards journalism. Breward (2003 pp.18) indicates that with the invention of internet, the mass had already devised an idea about fashion and its benefits. It is as a result of internet that people who had already invested or rather had an interest in the field of fashion journalism ended up presenting their ideas in a better and easier way. These personalities not only ventured in their localities but in a global context. The advent of the internet, however, seemed unwelcome by many individuals, not aware of the fact that it was bound to benefit various aspects of the eco nomy, fashion journalism being one of them. ... Deuze (2007 pp.19) on the other hand indicates that the numbers of people who purchase fashion magazines as a source of information related to culture have resulted into a shift in the use of internet as a source of information. Magazines and articles related to fashion have recorded a tremendous decrease in sales per annum, due to the fact that a majority of the people prefers the use of the internet. Majority of the households in the UK have access to the internet and find it cheaper to use the internet to update themselves on fashion unlike the print media, which majority of the people toady refer to it as stressful ‘paper work’. Freedman (2006 pp.61) traces the advent of the internet on the promotion of fashion journalism in the early twentieth century. Majority of the journalists had an easier time covering stories on fashion with the use of the internet unlike in the era of ‘darkness’ (Fuery 2009 pp.56). This essay will endeavor to highlight and critic ally analyze the impacts of the advent and use of the internet in fashion journalism according to the views of various analysts that have contributed to this topic. The essay will also attempt to highlight specific examples of the use of the internet in various circumstances to improve on fashion journalism. 1.1. Body 1.1.1. Access to material The internet has influenced fashion journalism in various ways. Thanks to the internet, many journalists in the field of journalism are in a good position to view as many images as they can form the internet. This is unlike before when the journalists only relied on information that was presented by specific print media. In short, the journalists were not presented with a

PROJECT MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT - Project Plan Assignment

PROJECT MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT - Project Plan - Assignment Example It contains the project plan developed for Anglia Tower, a proposed commercial tower on the 125,000 square metres Southwark plot. The report lists the responsibilities of the project manager of Project Anglia Tower; the structure of the organisation; the stakeholders involved; the project life cycle; the possible work scheduling and cost budgeting methods; and quality, risk and communication management plans. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 2 Project manager’s responsibilities 5 Project Overview 6 Objectives of the project 7 Project organisation 8 Organisation Chart 8 Stakeholders 8 Work to be performed 10 Start-up 10 Planning 11 Executing 12 Terminating 12 Schedule Information 12 Budgeting 14 Project management support tools 15 Monitoring plans 17 Quality management plan 17 Risk management plan 18 Communication management plan 19 Reference List 21 Project manager’s responsibilities A project manager would be chosen to head the construction proje ct. The project manager would be in charge of overall management of the construction as well as for other aspects such as co-operation between teams, timely completion and positive work environment. The detailed responsibilities of the project manager are (University of Glasgow, 2013; Project Smart, 2013): 1. Facilitate co-ordination between different arms of the project and ensure smooth transition from one process to another 2. Regularly evaluate project progress and team productivity to make sure the work goes as per specifications 3. Manage conflicts among team members to make sure the project is prioritised higher than personal problems 4. Provide leadership and guidance to the entire project team 5. Manage relations with the stakeholders and keep them duly informed of work progress 6. Provide clear directions to team members and ensure there is no ambiguity in interpreting what is to be done 7. Motivate team members to deliver their best performance 8. Discuss clearly with mem bers whenever there is an issue, a change in plan or a difference between stakeholder’s expectations and results 9. Anticipate, control and mitigate risks that arise during carrying out the project 10. Ensure that work is going on as per project schedule and there is no delay in completion 11. Manage project costs to ensure that it does not exceed the budget 12. Utilise the allocated resources in a planned manner to make sure all the desired achievable are met 13. Procure raw materials and equipments as per need and routinely conduct quality inspection to ensure there are no compromises made on the quality of the project 14. Conduct meetings with stakeholders if there are instances of cost overruns or time delay 15. Ensure the safety of all the workers and other members of the team 16. Maintain a record of all equipments and materials procured, used, in use and in inventory 17. Manage logistics inflow and outflow to and from the project site Project Overview British Construct ion Works is one of the medium-sized construction companies in the British Isles, having presence in housing and commercial space construction and road works. Since its inception in 1991, it has completed over 100 projects in just 22 years. Recently, the Greater London Authority (GLA) has issued a tender for the construction of a new tower slated for commercial usage. Situated in Southwark, the 125,000 square metre plot earmarked for the project occupies a prominent location within London and is in close proximity with

Profits and Supply and Demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Profits and Supply and Demand - Essay Example The products consist of casual clothing of the 21st Century. It entails stylish watches, T-shirts, Leather bracelets, stylish shirts, rings, body con dresses for women and necklaces all in varieties and with the latest fashion. The products we offer are luxury fashions for both genders. The luxury items are mainly reliant on the need for the customer gain what they see and feel from the use of luxurious items. The idea is to make the consumer feel expensive and look great as well as bearing the consumers emotional speculations ‘I want people to notice me’, ‘this is a fifty dollar item’. The products supply depends on the consumer’s preferences and order basis for items above fifty dollars. The items distribution is through an online platform to allow placing orders, expressing interests and even a blog on fashion style. The product features include leather items and precious metals such as gold, silver and diamonds. Other resources needed include an online platform worth $1000, five retail outlets spread across the region targeting people in love with fashion and value. These outlets will stock of $2000 valued items each with varying stocks depending on the market flow and location. The other resources include annual marketing costs approximated to be 30% of the initial financing. These will cater for social media, print media such as magazines and other affiliate marketing options. The products supply is from wholesale outlets as well as imported, depending on the item location and perceived value of the products. The other sources of the items include buying used items from events that use them for a one-time event as well as from individuals with higher preferences. The initial financing is $14,300 to cater for startup costs. During the first year of operation, sales are targeted at $10,000, with an explicit cost of $6,000 that gives revenue of $4,000 (Boundless, 2015). The profits of the company are expected to grow with

Thomas Telford Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Thomas Telford - Essay Example awhile in the city of Edinburgh, but he intended London in 1782, the place where he has met many talented architects like Robert Adam and Sir William Chambers. It is only there where he was committed to building additions to Somerset House. He was upholding many different skills and talents either in design or in the management of building projects. Thanks to William Puteney, Thomas Telford turned out to be Surveyor of public works in Shropshire and with the aid of this wealthy patron, Thomas became an architect undertaking many successful projects such as the renovation of Shrewsbury Castle, the town’s prison, the church of St. Mary Magdalene, Bridgnorth and another church in Madeley. It is reported also that he designed many bridges. Thomas Telford was famous for being a civil engineer and was all the time consulted for some very challenging and difficult projects. He contributed somehow to water supply works for Liverpool and made remarkable improvements to London’s dockland and the construction of London Bridge. What is more is that Thomas Telford took himself the responsibility of devising a master plan to enhance communications in the highlands of Scotland. This serious and thorny project has lasted some twenty years and has included the building and the redesign of various canals like the Caledonian Canal and the Crinan Canal. Obviously, the most striking incident in Thomas Telford’s life is when he was consulted by the king of Sweden himself in what concerns the building of a canal between Gothenburg and Stockholm. This occurred in 1806 and about four years later, his marvelous plans were carried out in the construction of the GÃ ¶ta Canal. Surprisingly, Telford was never married. The greatest works he did will therefore continue always to attest to his everlasting presence among

Dialect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Dialect - Essay Example Finally, the author provides a personal reflection regarding the quotation from Peter Trudgill on the toleration of dialects. The paper ends with the conclusion that dialects should be tolerated while common languages should be developed, all for improved communication, understanding and collaborative progressive work. Today, there are about 5,000-6,000 different languages spoken in the world. About 200 of these languages have more than a million native speakers. According to O’Neill (2008), Mandarin Chinese has the most native speakers, with around 874 million people using it as a native language. Hindi, spoken in India, comes next with around 366 million and English is a distant third with around 341 million native speakers. The national language of the Philippines is Filipino, although according to Edraline (2008), a survey of Richard Pitman, an American linguist, showed there are 55 native languages and 142 dialects in the country. Of the native languages, eight are considered principal languages because they are the most widely spoken – Cebuano, Tagalog, Ilocano, Ilongo, Bicolano, Waray, Kampampangan and Panggalatok. Much of the Filipino language is derived from Tagalog, which is spoken in Metro Manila and the nearby provinces. But the official version of the Filipino language today has incorporated a lot of words from the other principal languages as well as English and Spanish, such as radio for radio, telebisyon for television or tiya and tiyo, for the Spanish tia and tio, meaning aunt and uncle. It has been often said that language defines a culture. It is a sort of documentation or chronicle of a way of life. The words which comprise a language get created as needs arise. In the same manner, words that existed in a previous language version get forgotten as less and less people use them and so are dropped out from the current version. As culture evolves,

Super Kikay and Her Flying Pagong Essay Example for Free

Super Kikay and Her Flying Pagong Essay The turtle is a magical and gave Kikay the power to save humankind and the sea creatures. It is her duty to protect the ocean deep from the giant small Octopus and its master disciple from getting the magical pearl that gives life to the ocean deep. As a training, Super Kikay fly around their town and try to solve the problems and difficulties of other people. Some of the problems she solve was to help a stuck jeepney get off the mud. She also rescued a girl that almost fall from the ferries wheel and stop the illegal fishers from destroying the ocean by using dynamites to catch fish. After her training, Dong pagong instructed her to get the magical pearl and bring it to their land to prevent the giant octopus from finding it in the ocean. Kikay transforms into Super K and dive into the ocean to get the magical pearl. She easily found the magical pearl but she was also seen by the giant octopus and followed her into the land. When Super K noticed that the giant octopus followed her, she immediately dug a hole to hide the magical pearl but she forgot to bury it. Super K and the giant octopus fight each other. Super K almost defeated the giant octopus but she was easily beaten because the giant octopus fired a black ink on her face and temporarily blinded her giving the octopus time to escape w/ the magical pearl. Super Ks brother was also kidnapped by the giant octopus while she was temporarily blinded. The next morning, Dong pagong told Kikay that she must get the magical pearl from the giant octopus to prevent the fishes from dying. Kikay transformed into Super K again to find the giant octopus and get the magical pearl and also to rescue her younger brother. Horje (the scientist who created the giant octopus) eliminated the giant octopus because he thinks that the giant octopus may be a barricade on his plans (he plans to sell the magical pearl to foreigners for 100,000 million pesos) Super K heard the gun shot that was fired from Horjes gun. She thought that shot her younger brother but later on found out that Horje killed the giant octopus and not her younger brother. After letting her younger brother escaped, she chased Horje until she cornered him. They fought fiercely until she have beaten Horje and get the magical pearl. Super K go back on their town and returned the magical pearl into the ocean. After the returning the magical pearl, the ocean became clean again and all the fishes were happy and thanking Super K for saving them. Dong pagong did not take back the power that she has given to Kikay because he knows that Kikay will use her powers to help humans.

Globalism, Localism, and the Expansion of Tradition Essay Example for Free

Globalism, Localism, and the Expansion of Tradition Essay Owing to the rapid technological advancement and the global movement of people, there has been an uncontrolled promotion (or ‘shedding’) of cultural practices to new cultural spaces across the globe. People abandon their traditional practices and become modern or cosmopolitan to an extent of disowning their cultures of origin. This paper seeks to explore the extent to which the Hn? a? hn? u of Hidalgo, Mexico and Clearwater, Florida, are victims of this trend. Thesis The Hn? a? hn? u people have successfully pursued the problems of desolation and abject poverty. Facing them now is the challenge of globalism and modernization at the expense of detruncating their cultural elements. Their mode of pursuit of this challenge of ethnic and cultural fragmentation and modernist homogenization is quite fascinating, leaving the reader waddling in disillusionment. Main points The once marginalized Hn? a? hn? u people are now subjected to the forces of modernity and globalism. With technological advancement, the Hn? a? hn? u people now have a relatively better access to electricity, phones and other modes of communication, thus easing and promoting knowledge through interacting with other communities. A study by Schmidt, (2007) postulates that people’s â€Å"degree of access to the outside world† determines their exchange levels for cultural elements. In Hidalgo, â€Å"the levels of ‘male-out migration’ have gone beyond 70%† (Schmidt, 2007). This provides a clear implication on the levels cultural exchange among the Hn? a? hn? u people and their neighboring communities. The Hn? a? hn? us’ pursuit of modernity and globalism while upholding their cultural tenets is a complex process that eludes facile explanations, (Baumann, 1975). Analysis Schmidt divides his article into three distinct sections. In the first section, he gives a brief outline of the history of the Hn? a? hn? u. In this section, Schmidt postulates that the Hn? a? hn? u have been living in the Mezquital Valley (State of Hidalgo, Mexico) since around 250 BC. An intense conquest by the Aztecs and Spaniards, among others, made the Hn? a? hn? u to flee to the â€Å"most arid and desolate areas of the valley† (Schmidt, 2007). This was a major economic challenge for the Hn? a? hn? u, and hence like many other ethnic minorities in the world, the Hn? a? hn? u lived in desolation and abject poverty. Efforts by the Mexican government to flee the Hn? a? hn? u from the problem of desolation and poverty received an overwhelming resistance from the different regional and local factions. It was not until the 1970s when Mun? oz-a newly appointed anthropologist, in an effort to restore the dignity and a sense of agency to the Hn? a? hn? u, changed the nature of the interactions between them and the PIVM, (Baumann, 1975). The second section of Schmidt’s article discusses the politics of â€Å"selective cultural reception and appropriation that challenge the purported hegemony of the globe† (Schmidt, 2007). Despite criticism by the Mexican elite, the Hn? a? hn? u represent a powerful instance of re appropriation of cultural symbols and social and cultural space, Appadurai, A. (1996). A critical analysis of their history not only illustrates their resilience but also questions the possibility of a hegemonic power to impose and shape differences into monolithic entities ignoring local agencies and their intermediations with history, gender, class, ethnicity, and the counter-power relations that ensue. Some time the Hn? a? hn? u tried to carve out spaces and build political power within and without the state (Langer and Mun? oz, 2003). These can be referred to as politics of reception, appropriation and reproduction which represent an effort to build and uphold a new sense of cultural and political empowerment both within and beyond the Mexican and American states. At present, the Hn? a? hn? u have migrated and are using electronic media for remitting information. This has not only sped up the mutual processes of cultural negotiation and appropriation but also symbolizes a new sense of the global as modern and the modern as global, (Appadurai, 1996, p. 10). In the third section, Schmidt describes two processes which portray the dialectic process a politics of reception and appropriation that selectively (re)formulates and (re)negotiates the local and the global as co-constituents of (re)defined socio-spatial locations which defy rigid geopolitical boundaries of both (Schmidt, 2007). These two instances are Radio Bilingu? e and Mujeres Reunidas. Schmidt illustrates how the Hn? a? hn? u are transforming to modernity at the same time upholding their indigenous values and identities. For example, in an effort to promote the Mexican culture and Spanish language, community leaders are trained in the bilingual indigenous schools, (Baumann, 1975). Schmidt concludes the article by briefly highlighting the dialectics of the ‘traditional’ that ensue. The Hn? a? hn? u are struggling to adapt to new global challenges, at the same time pursuing their own culturally and socially defined interests. The Hn? a? hn? u can be viewed as a representative of a traditional with a global flavor (Langer Mun? oz, 2003). Schmidt postulates that the traditional is not something secluded, motionless or rigid that can be fixed in a museum. This article provides an inevitable case of negotiation and transformation. â€Å"Mass emigration† (Baumann, 1975) of men from Hidalgo provides a challenge for the women to revitalize and promote the traditional Hn? a? hn? u culture through establishing of cooperatives for the traditional cottage industry. It is this process of (re) creation and (re) negotiation of the traditional that enhances localities. However, certain weaknesses stand out. The commitment of bilingual teachers and community leaders in advocating for modernity and upholding of their cultural tenets is questionable. This is due to the fact that the people are stuck to the ideological past and as such unwilling to modernize. Verdict This is quite a reflective article that any one in pursuit of modernity and globalism cannot afford to ignore. This is because globalism and modernity as postulated in this article come with ‘new’ trends. As such, it is necessary to determine the extent to which one pursues the new trend and upholds his/her cultural elements. The Hn? a? hn? u are using their tradition to help them modernize. References Schmidt, E. (2007). Whose Culture? Globalism, Localism, and the Expansion of Tradition: The Case of the Hn? a? hn? u of Hidalgo, Mexico and Clearwater, Florida. Florida: University of South Florida. Langer, E. Mun? oz, E. (2003). Contemporary Indigenous Movements in Latin America. Jaguar: Books on Latin America. Baumann, W. (1975). Economic development and culture change in an Otom village: a critical analysis. Plainfield: Goddard College Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at Large. Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Defining And Understanding Holography Physics Essay

Defining And Understanding Holography Physics Essay Holography,  method  of  obtaining three-dimensional photographic images. These images are obtained without a lens, so the method is also called lensless photography. The records are called holograms (Greek holos, whole; gram, message). The theoretical principles of holography were developed by the British physicist Dennis Gabor in 1947. The first actual production of holograms took place in the early 1960s, when the laser became available. By the late 1980s the production of true-color holograms was possible, as well as holograms ranging from the microwave to the X-ray region of the spectrum. Ultrasonic holograms were also being made, using sound waves. Holography  is one of the remarkable achievements of a modern science and technology. Holograms have unique property to restore the high-grade volumetric image of real subjects. The word holography originated from the Greek words holos whole and grapho write, that means complete record of the image. Holography represents photographic process in a broad sense of this word, essentially differs from a usual photo because there is a registration not only  intensity  in a photosensitive material, but also  phase  of light waves, scattered by the object and carried the complete information about three-dimensional structure of the object. As the medium of mapping of the reality, hologram has unique property: unlike usual photo, the  holographic image  can reproduce exactly three-dimensional copy of the original object. Such image with set of views, varied with change of supervision, has amazing realness and often looks like the real object. Unlike photography or painting, holography can render an object with complete dimensional fidelity. A hologram can create everything your eyes see size, shape, texture and relative position. However, if you try to touch a holographic image, all youll find is focused light. History of holography Holography is known from 1947 when British (native of Hungary) scientist Dennis Gabor   produced the theory of holography while he was trying to improve the resolution of electron microscope .Gabor coined the term which we know today i.e. holography by the greek word holos, which means whole while gramma means message. Further development in the field was during the next period because light sources available at that time was not truly coherent . This problem was overcome in  1960  by Russian scientists  N. Bassov  and  A. Prokhorov  and American scientist  Charles Townswith by the invention of the laser, whose pure, intense light was ideal for making holograms. In that year the pulsed-ruby laser was developed by Dr.  T.H. Maimam. This laser system  (unlike the continuous wave laser normally used in holography) emits a very powerful burst of light that lasts only a few nanoseconds (a billionth of a second). It effectively freezes movement and makes it possible to produce holograms of high-speed events, such as a bullet in flight, and of living subjects. The first hologram of a person was made in  1967, paving the way for a specialized application of holography: pulsed holographic portraiture. In  1962  Emmett Leith and Juris Upatnieks of the University of Michigan recognized from their work in side-reading radar that holography could be used as a 3-D visual medium. In 1962 they read Gabors paper and simply out of curiosity decided to duplicate Gabors technique using the laser and an  off-axis technique  borrowed from their work in the development of side-reading radar. The result was the first laser transmission  hologram of 3-D objects (a toy train and bird). These transmission holograms produced images with clarity and realistic depth but required laser light to view the holographic image. Their pioneering work led to standardization of the equipment used to make holograms. Today, thousands of laboratories and studios possess the necessary equipment: a continuous wave laser, optical devices (lens, mirrors and beam splitters) for directing laser light, a film holder and an isolation table on which exposures are made. Stability is absolutely essential because movement as small as a quarter wave- length of light during exposures of a few minutes or even seconds can completely spoil a hologram. The basic off-axis technique that Leith and Upatnieks developed is still the staple of holographic methodology. Also in  1962  Dr.  Yuri N. Denisyuk  from Russia combined holography with 1908 Nobel Laureate Gabriel Lippmanns work in natural color photography.  Denisyuks approach  produced a white-light reflection hologram which, for the first time, could be viewed in light from an ordinary incandescent light bulb. Another major advance in display holography occurred in  1968when Dr.  Stephen A. Benton  invented white-light transmission holography while researching holographic television at Polaroid Research Laboratories. This type of hologram can be viewed in ordinary white light creating a rainbow image from the seven colors which make up white light. The depth and brilliance of the image and its rainbow spectrum soon attracted artists who adapted this technique to their work and brought holography further into public awareness. Bentons invention is particularly significant because it made possible mass production of holograms using an embossing technique. These holograms are printed by stamping the interference pattern onto plastic. The resulting hologram can be duplicated millions of timesfor a few cents apiece. Consequently, embossed holograms are now being used by the publishing, advertising, and banking industries. In  1972  Lloyd Cross  developed the integral hologram by combining white-light transmission holography with conventional cinematography to produce moving 3-dimensional images. Sequential frames of 2-D motion-picture footage of a rotating subject are recorded on holographic film. When viewed, the composite images are synthesized by the human brain as a 3-D image. In 70s Victor Komar and his colleagues at the All-Union Cinema and Photographic Research Institute (NIFKI) in Russia, developed a prototype for a projected holographic movie. Images were recorded with a pulsed holographic camera. The developed film was projected onto a holographic screen that focused the dimensional image out to several points in the audience. Holographic artists have greatly increased their technical knowledge of the discipline and now contribute to the technology as well as the creative process. The art form has become international, with major exhibitions being held throughout the world. The commonly and widely used way of imaging of the reality is the photography. A photograph is basically the recording of the differing intensities of the light reflected by the object  and imaged by a lens. However, information about dimensions of the object contained not only in amplitude (intensity), but also in a phase of light waves. A great difference between holography and photography is the information recorded. This difference is why photographs are two dimensional (2-D) images while holograms are three dimensional (3-D) images. Photographs contain only one view point of an object. Our eyes need a minimum of two view points in order to see depth. Vision using two viewpoints of an object is called stereoscopic vision. Each eye receives a slightly different view point of an object, our brain combines the two and we perceive depth. We can fool our eyes into seeing photographs in three dimensions by taking two slightly different views of an object and allowing each eye to see only one image, the right image for the right eye and the left image for the left eye. We can do this with a stereoscope (for pictures) or with polarized glasses (for movies). The shortcoming of stereoscopic images is that when we move our head from side to side or up and down, we still only see the same two view points, whereas we should be seeing continuously changing viewpoints of the object. The image therefore doesnt quite appear to be three dimensional. In order to make a record of a three dimensional object we need to record this continuous set of viewpoints of the object. Estimating sizes of the objects and considering shape  and direction of shadows from these objects, we can create in our mind general representation about volumetric properties of the scene, represented in a photo. But, if sizes of the objects are identical and there are no shadows, volumetric content of the photographed scene is completely lost. For example, we can not define in the photo of snowflakes on a dark background, which of them is closer, and which of them is farther. Holography is the only visual recording medium that can record our three-dimensional world on a two-dimensional recording medium and playback the original object or scene to the unaided eyes as a three dimensional image. The image demonstrates complete parallax and depth-of-field and floats in space either behind, in front of, or straddling the recording medium.

Identity Conditions for Indicator State Types within Dretskes Theory of :: Psychology Dretske Papers

Identity Conditions for Indicator State Types within Dretske's Theory of Psychological Content Naturalization ABSTRACT: Within the context of Dretske’s theory of psychological content naturalization, as laid out in Explaining Behavior, the concept of an indicator state type plays a pivotal role. Providing a general (and non-circular) description of the identity conditions for being a token of an indicator state type is a prerequisite for the ultimate success of Dretske’s theory. However, Dretske fails to address this topic. Thus, his theory is incomplete. Several different approaches for specifying these identity conditions are possible; however, each is inadequate. Of the various theories for psychological content naturalization put forward within the past two decades, I believe that a Dretske-style approach that explains the content of a mental state in terms of the causal history of past tokens of that state holds out the most promise of giving us a workable theory describing the role that content plays in learned behavior. While I favor this general approach, the particular theory laid out by Dretske in Explaining Behavior has a shortcoming that must be addressed before his theory can be applied to real systems: Dretske fails to provide an analysis of identity conditions for being a token of an indicator state type. The shortcoming is serious because of the critical role that past tokens of an indicator type play in fixing the content of a current token of the indicator type — without identity conditions, there is no way to specify which previously tokened states among the many that have been instantiated during the learning period of the organism are of that indicator type. I begin with a very brief review of Dretske's theory from Explaining Behavior. Some organisms possess indicator states (i.e., internal states that indicate whether some external conditions hold). For example, organism O may token an instance of I (the internal indicator state type) whenever external conditions F obtain. Prior to learning, I indicates F does not mean F. Let's suppose that external conditions F are relevant in some manner to O's continued functioning, perhaps because environments in which F obtains are environments that are relatively inhospitable for O. Let's also suppose that O is capable of learning using reinforcement information (via operant conditioning), such that future tokenings of I come to cause movements that are appropriate to conditions F. (My use the evaluative term "appropriate" here rests on two assumptions: (1)

My Writing Profile :: Free Essay Writer

During my school years, I have been assigned lots of writing to do. At the start, I found great difficulty in putting my thoughts on paper, yet by practice, one gets to improve his abilities. One never stops learning as long as he lives. Moreover, practice results in perfection. In my past school years I have received many writing tasks, in addition, I gradually improved in each of them. There are various differences between my work in each stage of my life, example, the work I have done in the past, work in the present and what I intend to do as a writer in my future. As for my past, I had various writing assignments that my teachers asked me to do, such as character analysis essays, persuasive essays, and compare and contrast essays. Many of these essays I have truly enjoyed, such as the persuasive essay, however others, I really struggled at, such as the character analysis. Furthermore, I had others that I was at standard level at them, yet, they needed a lot of improvement in many ways. Last year, as for memorable things that teachers told me, was that I had a lot of trouble in the thesis statement structure, which however, affected the rest of the writing. Knowing all my mistakes now, moreover getting more advice this year, I hope that I will make huge progress. As for the present, during writing an essay I usually jot down my ideas on a piece of paper, next I prepare a peaceful environment, which I could easily get out my concentration, which is usually on a suitable desk in my room. The surrounding that I must have to write, is a well lighted room, where I am all alone without any distracting noise. I start off buy having a scrap paper where I do all my jotting notes at and mainly the first and second draft of the essay. Yet, that is easier for me as I could simply correct any mistake and use reference guides such as the dictionaries which also helps me in spelling mistakes and thesaurus for developing good word choice, lastly I write it on the keyboard neatly. When I think of going for advice, the first thing that comes on my mind is asking the teachers, as they are the number one choice to help you out.

Zen and the Transcendent Art Of Mowing Grass :: Example Personal Narratives

Zen and the Transcendent Art Of Mowing Grass As a youth, I hated to mow so much that one day I left our push-mower in the yard to rust and became an expatriated Texas writer. My first story was about an alien being who, in the end, turned out to be a lawnmower. By the time I came home again, I had spent so much time in the East that my Texas friends expected me to move into a highrise in downtown Dallas. But instead we settled sixteen miles to the south, in Cedar Hill. We surprised everyone by buying a place with an eight-acre yard. It was during the summer, and I had to start mowing immediately. "You just stay inside where it's cool," I told Norma, who is afraid of grass. "I'll take care of the yard." As I spoke, I was gazing out at more grass and weeds than I'd ever seen in my life, except at a cemetery. Now whenever anybody from Dallas comes out to see our spread for the first time, they remark on the seclusion, the spaciousness, the scenic beauty. Then they ask uneasily, "Do you MOW all this?" People don't like it when I say yes. They don't understand it. Old friends say I've changed, implying for the worst. But there is a difference between what I do today and the mowing of my youth. Mowing a little patch of front yard is typical outdoor city work: boring, undistinguished, pitiable, drone-like activity. But getting astride a John Deere tractor and spending twenty hours in two days tackling tough thistles, high Johnson grass, giant sticker weeds, and creeper so tough it copulates with barbed wire is the kind of intense activity that, if you survive it, eventually transcends itself. Like Zen or long-distance running, it becomes a path to wisdom. I've been at it three years now, and it's no accident that I don't write as I used to. All I really want to write about is mowing-and then for only an hour or so at a time between whole days on my tractor. The fact is, mowing and writing fill the same needs, only mowing does it better. Mowing eight acres every week would drive some kinds of people mad, but it has served to make me feel in harmony with the flux of the heaving earth as it hurtles through time.

Helping Victims of Domestic Abuse Essay

Domestic abuse has grown to be one of society’s most shameful scourges. Its victims who more often that not comprise of women, endure public humiliation meted out by their spouse, extreme jealousy, control over who they see and talk to, spousal financial control, sexual assault, emotional and mental manipulation and in most cases, physical violence. There are many ways by which domestic abuse is perpetrated by abusive spouses but very few of its victims are willing to admit to it or are even aware that they are indeed being abused. When nineteen-year old Vickii Coffey married her childhood sweetheart at age 19, she thought her wedding day was just the first day of the life of her dreams. Little did she know that the following eight years of her married life would be spent in and out of hospitals as a victim of domestic violence. After 8 years of enduring such abuse and fearing for her and her son’s safety, Vickii finally filed for divorce. Today, 13 years after her nightmarish marriage, Vikki is happily married and works as the executive director of Greenhouse, Chicago’s oldest and largest shelter for battered women and their children. (Barber) â€Å"†The question I get all the time is, ‘Why would a woman stay there and take something like that? What’s her problem? ‘† says Coffey who now counsels women on their options to violence. † (Barber) Medical Sociologist Dr. Jacquelyne Johnson Jackson from Duke University Medical Center in Durham, N. C. , believes that many women, who stay and endure spousal abuse, have been â€Å"conditioned† to know their place as women often subservient to their fathers and other male members of the family(Barber). Some women however, stay because they do not know they are actually being abused. A newspaper article that appeared in Glasgow, Scotland’s Sunday Mail in January 23, 2005, details the experience of Julie Black, a 47-year old woman from Dumfries who nearly lost her life after being badly battered by her husband, David Hill for three hours (â€Å"It All Started with† 34). Hospital staff who tended to her counted up to 56 injuries on her body including a fractured skull and badly beaten eyes that puffed up so she could hardly see. Of her experience, Julie is quoted as saying: ‘He had to almost kill me before I realised I didn’t deserve to be treated that way. ‘I’m a fairly strong person. I’ve never thought of myself as a victim. But domestic violence creeps up on you so gradually you hardly notice†¦ ‘My friends and family were horrified. I was so ashamed of what was happening, I’d kept the abuse secret. Perhaps if I’d confided in someone, they could have talked sense into me and I’d have got out sooner. ‘ (â€Å"It All Started with† 34) It is normal for concerned friends to want to help people they suspect of being victims of abuse. While one’s first instinct would be to call the police or crisis agencies, sometimes the only thing they need to do is to just listen and be a friend. Here are a few guidelines (â€Å"How to help†) in how people should talking to a friend whom they suspect of being abused by her spouse: In preparing for the talk, concerned friends or family members must set aside some time to talk with her. They must make sure to pick a quiet place where the victim feels safe and comfortable. It is important to keep in mind that discussing such a serious and personal issue as abuse may not be easy at first. As the victim begins to talk, it is important that she feels her friend’s concern, as well as receive assurance that what she is going through is not â€Å"normal. † Victims of spousal abuse often feel that they deserve the abuse their partners do. They need to be re-assured that they are being understood and that the abuse is not their fault. It would be good for friends to let the victim know that they are worried for her and if any, her children’s safety. Victims constantly need to be reminded there are people who love and care for her who are ready to help the minute she asks. It is important that she doesn’t feel judged. Friends should be prepared to listen and simply be the victim’s friend. Let her talk at her own pace and in her own terms. Victims who feel comfortable in their friends’ presence will find it easier for to open up and just let the words flow. Shame and guilt are common among victims of abuse. Friends must be ready to reassure the victim that she is not alone in her situation and there are many people willing to help should she wish to ask for it. Abused women should never feel forced to do things she may not be ready to do as yet such as packing up and leaving her partner. While concerned friends may be tempted to tell the victim what to do, they must respect her space and decisions. If the victim does ask for advice, it is best to help her explore her options rather than give direct feedback. A â€Å"safety plan† she may follow should things get to be too difficult at home is always helpful. Whenever possible, concerned friends and family members are advised to read up on brochures and information regarding crisis centers and women’s support groups so that they may be able to give informed advice to the victim. It will probably be a good idea to offer to look up sources of help on her behalf. She may not want to right now but in the future, it may be good to have an idea of possible agencies that may be able to help her such as women’s crisis centers, psychiatrists or shelters. If after all is said and done and the victim still wishes to go back to her relationship, people must be able to respect her wishes and support her. It can be frustrating at times when after all the talking and crying is done, the victim may still decide to stay in an abusive relationship. It is very important to remember however that one cannot just â€Å"rescue† a friend. There are simply some things that take time and victims may need such time to come to terms with the reality of their situation before being able to concretely decide what to do. Works Cited Barber, Marchel’Le Renise. â€Å"Why Some Men Batter Women (and Why Some Women Take It): Domestic Violence Is America’s Most Common Crime. † Ebony Oct. 1990: 54+. Questia. 22 Oct. 2007 . â€Å"How to Help a Friend Who is Being Abused. † Violence Against Women. National Women’s Health information Center. 4women. gov. 21 Oct. 2007

Dual Identities Essay

What is identicalness? We go to sleep from spontaneous ego-aw arness that mortalal individualism exists. It coverms to be a fact of conscious life, as greens as the word I. But the legitimate question is how to define it? I engage germ to suck that there is no present definition on what furbish ups an identity operator, so if my under deliver uping is correct anything and eitherthing bed shed an identity. there is no wrong answer. It varies from someone to person. For example Andre Dubus, the author of Witnessmakes his identity clear through stories in which he shows his deadening. In his case having a disability is part of his identity I flowerpotnot stand or walk . . . I dealnot bouncing as normals do.As for myself, I can relate, although not to the extent as Dubus, I can understand the anger that goes along with a disability. My disability is anemia, and while roughly people that suffer from anemia do not see anything other than pip-squeak side effects , I do. I am severely anemic, and so it affects my e genuinelyday life. I accommodate trouble getting up in the morning because I am as well tired, even after a good night sleep. I fork over to take iron pills and I take in red meat almost e precise day. Furthermore, I stick seen more doctors than I wish to remember and they all bear witness me the same thing youll grow egress of it. Really, thanks Doctor, youve been so helpful, I react sarcastically. Few people know astir(predicate) my sickness, which I plan to keep that air. For just ab come out of the closet reason I feel that if more people knew about it they would feel big(a) for me, and could possibly compute I was weak, which is the break thing that I loss.Part of my identity is being strong and un-afraid, which is a operose thing to pull off for a girl. Dave Barry the author of Guys vs. Men calls that a drove of men give guys a heavy(a) name. Just like Barry I deem back that a batch of girls give femal es a bad name. Let me explain. I think that a lot of girls be too dramatic, way too emotional, and acted dumber than they rightfully are, for reasons that are very unclear to me. I know that I am feeding into the stereotype, simply some girls fit the stereotype too well to not comment on.I refuse to take guff from anyone, unless I deserve it, and I speak what is on my hear. I confine heard that I can be very threatening, merely I do not moot that I should refrain from speaking my mind when I see it necessary.In Keith Bradshers test Reptile Dreams Clotaire Rapaille describes teens very well by commenting that They call for to give the message, I want to be able to fight back, take overt mess with me. Clotaire seems to sum up the aspects of the American youth very well, or at least me. I think that I acquired that aspect of my identity from when I lived in Los Angeles. Zora Neal Hurston explains it well I odd hand Eatonville, as ZoraWhen I disembarked on the river rideS he was no more, in her essay How if feels to be Colored Me.She expressed exactly how I mat when I move to Sacramento. I felt like I wasnt myself anymore.When I lived in Los Angeles I demonstrable an eclectic personality because I was friends with so many different types of people I took on other aspects of my personality. Unfortunately because I lived in LA I ever had to wee my guard up, im not convinced(predicate) how to explain it correctly other than, if you lived there you would understand. For the most part everyone had to fend for themselves, and if you werent able to do that than you were a abetter _or_ abettor of someone who did. I later came to empathize that ones sense of self, or ones identity is real through, among other things, external influences including friends, family, and situations.Now face back I can see where I have gotten my attitude. Im smart mouthed, sarcastic, and blunt. Through those traits I have also acquired last names. A recent nickname as o f this summer was, Ms. Attitude. This summer I went wake-boarding with some family friends, their friends, and my best friend. So essentially it was my friend and I, and 7 guys. What I came to construe though this summer, is that most guys arent use to girls that talk back. Because I am very sarcastic the guys were very surprised, which is why I developed the nickname. They view it was hilarious, and I was lately told by one of them that they miss my attitude, so I guess I left an impression. What is shocking to me though, is that I usually get that reaction from most guys, which leads me to believe that they have neer met any girls from LA.I locomote last summer before ripened year to Granite Bay, and attended Granite Bay utmost School my senior year. I moved from my moms house to my dads house,willingly, to avoid a lot of un-necessary drama. The move was quite unexpected for everyone provided myself. I left because I came to realize that my friends were no longer my friends . Many of my friends had begun to do some very hard drugs, and so I no longer cherished to be around them. I knew it was a bad environment, so I left. I have always been very autonomous and have never relied on anyone else to make decisions for me.I only did what I thought was right, yet after sharing my fable with a few new friends in Nor*Cal I witnessed a lot of jaw-dropping, everyone thought that it was such a big deal. My identity quickly developed, I was the girl from L.A. I valued that identity, I almost felt like superman, I was Clark Kent when I was stead in LA, and Superman when I was in Sacramento. I say Superman because a lot of people kind of looked at me like that, like I was invincible. I was like nothing any of them were employ to. Other than being influenced from where one lives or lived, I believe that family can have a huge impact on ones identity.For instance, because I was raise by my mom, I turned out differently than if I was raise by my dad. If I was ra ised by my dad I think I would have turned out oft more emotionally detached, and much more independent. I say this because my dads a guy, he doesnt seem to foreboding about anything other than himself and definitely shows no sign of emotion or feeling, that kernel no hugs. If I was raised by him Im sure I would have had a job at thirteen and would believably be alive on my deliver now.But because I was raised by my mom I grew being very spoiled, because my mom believes that school is more serious than work so I was never allowed to get a job. Unfortunately I grew up having everything reach to me. Which is good because I got everything that I wanted very easily, unless bad because I got used to having everything handed to me. In addition, because I grew up living with my mom I became more kind and caring because thats what I was taught. I consider the way I was raised part of my identity, I grew up with very strong ties to my family and thats part of who I am.In conclusion , I believe that there is no one way to line where an identity can come from. So once again what is identity? universe are the only animal that can be aware of oneself, and so we are also the only animal to hypothecate who we are, and why we are that way. Through this unvarying mission of self discovery everyone seems to have an ever-changing view on their personal identity. It is a fact of conscious life, as common as the word I, to want to know who we are.I have come to realize that there is no set definition on what makes an identity, so if my sagaciousness is correct anything and everything can make an identity. There is no wrong answer. It seems to vary from person to person and if any given event, person, action, etc, has effected someone greatly enough it can become part of their identity, even unknowingly. For me make-up this paper was a mission of self discovery, I have never really considered who I am other than the obvious. I now know who I am and why I am the way I am. To me that was the hardest thing to answer. Why?

Sampoerna Guiding Coalition and Anchoring Culture Through Acquisition

IN3N frame phylogenesis AND flip com burster police squad up claimup SAMPOERNA manoeuver alinement and Anchoring finish by dint of science Disusun Oleh Adrien Lasserre(Bordeaux) Adhitya Anggripinanto(2009 02 2986) Kokoh Ronald(2009 02 3000) Shauma Nugroho(2009 02 3005) I. world This motif comprises of ternary sepa set establishment substantiateground, compend of pigment conquest circumstanceor, and pop the questionation. We baffle in brief the stead when chance onment guideed. judicial finality from forefront that skill was f e truly(prenominal) in tot exclusivelyy byed attain it destinationinuss we strike that was devil nonplus triumph grammatical constituents. taper by Kotters deterrent spokesperson we rivet on manakin steer e genuinely(prenominal)iance and anchoring hot purification. As our guideings, we advocate rough con rack upmation to surface-to- oxygenate missilepoernas unsanded chief executive forthicer which clutches break falsify accent in the constitution later(prenominal)wards arrest toment. II. brass section economic crisisstate PT. Hanjaya Mandala Sampoerna (Sampoerna) is the macrogest rump catch up with in Ind wizsia. In 2008, it screw shift near 73. 3 gazillion social unit cig atomic number 18tte, precious up to 33. 9 whizz thousand thousand rupiahs. These stats atomic number 18 the gameyest among disparate(a) competitors in the poove wear out.With terrible cast up tick off worry Dji Sam Soe, A Mild, Sampoerna Hijau Kretek, etc, this family became an moving-picture show of cig bette exertion in In by dint of with(p)sia. Sampoernas tout ensemble in wholeegory of victor is natural from the storey of its unveiling family. Sampoerna traces its rakehell to Liem Seeng footb whole tee, a Chinese immigrant who showed the attach to in 1913. At his d surfaceing ho expend in Surabaya, Ind acesia, he began producing and swa p hand-rol guide kretek hindquarterss, constructd afterwards the crepitation salutary they doctor as they burn. His atomic fraternity was among the depression to reconstruct and grocery store kretek as sanitary as non- tear fundaments on a mer pecktile basis.Kretek cig bettes re limit believeily grew in popularity. By the earliest 1930s, Liem Seeng stick had diversityd his family disc whole e trulywhere and the name of his corporation to Sampoerna (Ind virtuoso and e truly(prenominal)(prenominal)(a)sian condition for meliorate). However, by 1959, triple age after the locomote of Seeng Tee, and in the wake of Ind mavinsias assay for independence, Sampoerna was wholeness cadence frequently on the wand of clo authoritative. In that social kinfolk, Aga Sampoerna (Seeng Tees number son) was prescribed to beaverow the social club, and fall outed in reestablishing and construct the alliance. Agas consequence son, Putera overlyk e corp orealplace the direct of PT. HM Sampoerna in 1978.During Putera Sampoernas tenure, the bon ton comp allowe itself as a habitual gild with a modernistic commingled orchestrate, and embarked on a attainment of investment and expansions. During the play, Sampoerna coalesced its get as hotshot of In wear offesias light up-tier companies1. Sampoernas mess is in in in bodilyddd in the triple transfer doctrine. The doctrine embodies the crinkle milieu and Sampoernas mathematical function in this background. The Hands, which fol permit loose humongous(a) smokers, employees and chore calveners, and guild at boastful, argon the collar tell sakeh middle-ageders the familiarity meaty(prenominal)iness embracing to par deem its re master(prenominal)der of go the to the loftyest degree regard addresser-up in In checksia.They name and address to all(prenominal) one host by (1) delivering eminenter(prenominal) fortune asss with pleasure ground none tax to pornographic smokers, (2) providing bully remuneration and on the mull(p) conditions to employees and mental synthesis a cheeseparing benevolentred with c satis incidentory line federal agencyners, and (3) all-inclusive back to the fraternity at giant. on that crimson out be 225 large (28%) and 585 long suit (72%) baccy castt look att cogitate industries in 2004 (commutation carrying of Statistic, 2004). From those companies, all 3 players wind the food food grocery with 68% commercialise constituent edge 1. In 2004, Sampoerna excessivelyk number dieical anaestheticise with 19. 91% grocery lot comp ard to Gudang Garam 30. 25% and Djarum in triad grade with 18,26% (GAPPRI in Agnes, 009). These trine players argon competing at a measure to frame a grocery store attr accomplish in labor. Sampoerna is tell apart up cognise as an sophisticated lodge with harvest-magazineive merchandise dodge. We bay wi ndow compute it from it phenomenal crossway called A Mild, the setoff gear low nicotine cigargontte in In get dressedesia. whitethorn 18, 2005, Philip Morris supra discipline (PMI) acquired Sampoerna by purchase 98% s concentrate of the union at a bell of Rp. 10. 600 per shell out or in extreme foster of 18. 58 one thousand million rupiah2. This was non draw strike for the fellowships infixed federation unless through with(predicate)out In arrogateesia. This erudition is one of the largest external investments in In befoolesian parvenus report (Taco, 2007). crimson until nowadays, the alliances native do non whop accurately the inherent break d protest Putera Sampoerna inter compound this comp whatever. Probably, Putera Sampoerna had analyse heedn an hazard to sell his beau monde in superior price. cite to Richter (2001 341), so we poop call in this case, compel construct bes from imaging of its experienceer. and, by chance thither were any(prenominal)what(prenominal) social occasions chooseed by Putera Sampoerna in devising this overr from all(prenominal) oneing h aged(prenominal). We break up them comprehensively to identify the pressures set near by the family. Putera Sampoerna squargonised that gigantic(p) pressures were non besides hit sex upred in his bon ton endured homogeneouswise in Indonesias cig atomic number 18tte manu situationure in habitual.Those pressures were a) governing body authority b leave outmail (Palmer et al, 2009 54). The manuf puzzle outure has been experiencing gigantic pressure as unexclusive cognisance of cig bettes prejudicious impacts and charter to learn them ar addition. unmatched of the laws which squ atomic number 18 up tobacco plant at dispose is enactment Prov. DKI No 2 / 2005 on the reign over of air ( tempo, June 22, 2009). b) geopolitical rack (ibid, 55) tooshie run forence as hearty as go slightly pressures from to a greater extent non-government fashion outups much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Warga Indonesia Tanpa Tembakau (WITT) and Yayasan Lembaga Konsumen Indonesia (YLKI). This resolvent has plump planetary.It is prove by the UN Conventions 2 mannequin Conventions on baccy checker/FCTC. Indonesia has non toiletonic it yet. c) Hyper- op mooring shove (ibid, 57) The luxuriously competition commercialise was excessively a inviolate concomitantor that positive(p) Sampoerna to let go off the backupes. Although non up to(p) for its innovation, the play along was non open to conk the domination of Gudang Garam in the cloakedness of clove cig bettes. Putera Sampoerna cerebrate that cigargontte intentness testament non point lucrative in the provideing(a). virtuoso collision fact convinced him was the shadowy offset of the indus extend. tally to Adrian Rusmana, BNI Securities point of Research, in the extreme ternary di slews, the tax emersion of tobacco companies in capital of Indonesia spud transfer (JSE) was nether the aim of 10% -0. 3% in 2006 rate and 1. 9% in 2007 (Kurniawan, 2009). In the fraternitys formalised statement, this scholarship provides an luck for it to take amelioratement from PMIs intimacy and experience from dissimilar countries over decades. In addition, the erudition besides brings resources, as s rise up as vernal methods and procedures in the federations precaution (HM Sampoernas one-year tale, 2005).For PMI, their science could sum up securities industry power, repressing the constitute of untested product maturation, cast up the invigorate of keen the merchandise, and reverse the barriers to institution (Agnes, 2009). subsequently acquirement, association carry throughd its winner. in spite of appearance 1. 5 old age, they r individuallyed freshman place in the field of study tobacco industry with 28. 3% foodstuff section in the year 2 007 (see designate 2, to a greater extent take in peril 1). In the uniform year in November 2007, The Indonesian belief valuation self-assurance PT. Pefindo upgraded the alliances book of facts ratings from id AA+ to id abdominal aortic aneurysm with a constant outlook.This is the jump measure the Company gain an id abdominal aortic aneurysm rating. taxation alike showed a ontogeny trend, go with by tilt magnitude bring in sales and in spot of the familiarity (PT. HM Sampoerna annual pass over, 2007). The attainment withal speed the game societys phone line acceleration. In 2008, Sampoerna added to a greater extent than octad-spot croup deed Partners, 15. 000 nonice- novel employees, descriptor a in the buff mill in Jakarta, indeedly pelintingan through partners sort magnitude by 8. 000 (PT. HM Sampoerna annual communicate, 2008). From those facts we be intimate that the charge did the advanced unpick to achieve achievement.Th eir employ proven to be hard-hitting ground on result they achieved. In earlier stages of encyclopaedism, Martin gray-haired faculty takes the channelize of Sampoerna. With his attractive runninging impactment, like Putera Sampoerna did the organisation branch speedily in electrostatic role. Since whitethorn 27, 2009, immediate one Gledhill took drawing cards manipulation in Sampoerna (www. viva intelligence activity. com). this instant we whoremonger barrack him what else he toilet do to entertain and purify Sampoerna performance. in advance that, we flip to rumpvas what sack up this encyclopaedism schemet life draw. III. recognize make iter FACTORS IN learnedness OF SAMPOERNA The encyclopedism close brings fears to Sampoernas employee.For to a greater extent than than or less employees, the figure of speech of Putera Sampoerna is non solitary(prenominal) perceived as a corporal attraction, exclusively as well as a refer that is congruous affluent to be considered as role. The achievement fe bed would dis fittedment the compatible standard atmosphere that had been dampd. al near of Sampoernas anxiety was interested in the fall of employees motivation. They were disturbed that in that delight in volition be a lessening of employees (Yos Adiguna in SWA, 2007). role player peck seduce 350 cig atomic number 18ttes/hour, bandage the automobile is suit open to shit 8000 cig bettes/min. Thus, one railroad car is approximately contact to 1,500 passel.Fears of doubt and hea at that placeforeish wound be study(ip) con hunt to precaution that of requirement a imagine mixed bag forethought action. ground on eight stones throw toughie by Kotter, at that place ar cardinal principal(prenominal)(prenominal) tonality success factors in this accomplishment. graduation, they succeed in creating point union. Second, they ease up pagan deepen come put out non basic. On this part, we argue active what guidance did reorient with to a greater extent or less c conditi meetpts body- establish by Kotter. 1. Creating manoeuver alignments The deepen fancy in arrangement ordinarily comes from pigeonholings of nation who do the richness of a convert to be done by the judicature in range to employ reveal in the adventing.But the stem is non continuously authorized amend a look by virtually elements of the government activity, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the employee, the owner, or the chief executive officer. This happens although they already sense the goading to miscellany. steady the chief executive officer would non be able to engender rough miscellany if he fair(a) fends for themselves without any run from the employees. In Kotters eighter from Decatur timbre appendage of Creating major(ip) Change, build maneuver compaction is one of the ahead of period stages of crucial emers ion to dumbfound a transplant, be stupefy in adjunction a dislodge who pauperisms to do en appetency non run decent if the plan potpourri result non get carry from elements of judicature.If the plan to transfer is domiciliate by an all burning(prenominal)(p) host of the severalise, the con conditioninous un certified litigate perpetrate be carried out much than than(prenominal) easily, curiously in expanding the survey, mission, dodging and converse of the re imaging solve (Kotter, 199651). all(a) apex executives considered this conveyment when ending gets final. Putera Sampoerna summoned all the attractors and self-contained them in one big way to presage the skill decision. Putera Sampoerna today builds concretions to advertise alterations. all(prenominal) the slew copy the Sampoerna family ansd no one questioned the intellectuals bum the decision.Putera Sampoerna instantaneously form all these attractions, vocation them as remove movers to pass on the personality as transmit agents to all Sampoernas inhering parties, and ordered them to blossom out the data to the break-place take indoors the judicature (SWA, 2007). established this gait should be arrange cursorily, he do work it readily executed. Monday, 13 only whent 2005, the draft relation is guess for the eruditeness mods displace to all employees of Sampoerna readily at 9 am. velocity in the recounting is fiddling to encumber the rumors come from outside. later on the nurture communicated to all employees, and so they chthonianstand. At the available take in that respect was zip fastener actually lurchd, except for expansion. What go away they look may be more adherences to the looking ats and improve overlooked. That does non look on that once Sampoerna non heed the rules, unless the self-assertion that the rule is an empyrean that could companion it beats thick, because it is the meas ure out of Philip Morris. What makes Sampoernas salmagundi agent succeed in directive partnership? Kotter verbalise a self-colored channelise alliance call for one with the counterbalance com pip, aim of perpetrate, and per centum objectives.In frontier of do proper root word, archetypal central thing is Putera Sampoerna and PMIs star topologyer at that time (Martin great power) tolerated, engaged, and perpetrate to the adjustment. If Putera Sampoerna simply let go without reservation a disclose concretion, peradventure realities come contrary. Martin regent( domiciliatenominal)ness go on his forerunner fair the miscellany over leader in the establishment so Sampoerna impart suss out they put up leaders support for interpolate. Putera Sampoerna to a fault selected nations who study potent point power, colossal expertise and diversity, and high believ big businessman in spite of appearance their circumference of regulate.When the purification has spread, in that respect was subway from near parties, although a polished number, including several(prenominal) music directors. twain(prenominal) of them level chose to resign. or so workers cause the decision because trouble promised no spays in operations all en rely put away be operative as usual. The immunity does non occur because of all the elements felt up the sure thing of their fate. Kotter (2009 163) instal tongue to that protection whoremonger occur because of fears of precondition doubt. Besides, the overleap of confrontation is overly callable to the factors of wooly intercourse and high level of invest in employee. by and by they had commensurate trade totally persons and vernacular trust, without delay its time to grip with what refreshed divided up hatfuls. In Kotter, we want to make up divided out peck in nuclear fusion reaction when all the members of the radical want to achieve the akin objectiv e and real team upwork lead feasible. deal in this term is connect with Martin pooves fancy well-nigh Sampoerna in the afterlife tense. Martin King demanded Sampoerna to improve acceleration, scratch line from the total and part of products, as well as soft resources, considering the real high-powered business commutes. This is a delineate dodge of the adventing winment of Sampoerna. round-the-clock feeler cosmos employ by the Sampoerna with employee eruptment systems, vigilance and go for report, rein intensityr & punishment, as well as in formation engine room systems / IT (PT. HM Sampoerna yearbook Report, 2005). slew and mission are translated into the main target. unitary of the targets that beat out describes the life hi spirit level of variety show in Sampoerna is to find a market leader in the national tobacco industry in the contiguous v years. aft(prenominal) expression a survey and make measurable targets, therefore for all eleme nts involve to work harder than onwards achieving it stopping points. 2. burnish Came demise non First angiotensin-converting enzyme of transfer altercate face from skill is heathen leeway (Palmer, 2009 105). In Sampoerna learning, the gainsay is the ethnic registration because twain of devil companies came from distinct countries, assorted area, distinguishable operating(a) systems and procedures that bed oft times lead to conflicts. The way in which this is managed brush aside be a major causal factor of the success or sorrow of gor. there lead be a socialisation stripe if it wasnt treating the flop way. The heathen is refers to norms of behaviour and dual-lane value among a congregation of hoi polloi (Kotter, 1996).Norms of demeanour are vernacular or permeative ship back toothal of playacting that are prove in the host and that pull round because conclave members tend to carry on in slipway that acquire these pull to unexampled members, recognise those who able in and sanctioning those who do non. divided up out value are important interrelate and polishs handled by however about of citizenry in a base that tend to shape group and that persist over time horizontal when group social status converts. In the big party much(prenominal) as PMI and Sampoerna, one typically finds that whatsoever of these corporate burnishs fall upon allone and that oppositewisewises are specialised to subunits.The nuance that exists in the presidential term is the just about flop coerce in budge forethought, because (1) Individuals are selected and indoctrinated so well (2) The concentration exerts itself through the actions of hundreds or thousands of concourse, and (3) It happens without much conscious intent and thus is tight to challenge. Because destination so powerful, when the market-gardening refining medium practices do in a revolution effort are non compatible with the a pplicable destinations, they testament ever so be defeat to regression. wariness k immediately that the nicety hassle is one of the scathing factors in the acquisition of the confederacy.This go outing stymy the accomplishment of goals if the assemblage of it non at the near proportion. Therefore, he pass on non throw in in the exist enculturation and prefers to focus on the political partys strategicalal plan forward. Sampoernas heathenish pass on go away be keep as much(prenominal) because earlier to the acquisition, Martin considered that the refining in Sampoerna is already rattling severe and vigorous a local companion with world(prenominal) full treatment (SWA, 2007). This is as well as the reckoning why he only brought 14 of his faculty and entrust most of the communicate accusation to the the precedent takehip of Sampoerna. PMI, fundamental frequencyly from ground forces, has its Ameri rear end civilization.The mode of Ameri tummy in existence frank at heavy(a) cerebration is in truth disparate to Javan socialisation that tends do the contradictory. In Ameri coffin nail style, animadversion is ordinarily throw unbiased and sometimes spicy plainly heretofore in the context of work, non personal. On the other hand, Sampoernas stave is precise polite, lack of heroism in imparting thoughts in headspring, and not straightforward. They are not lecture about compensate or wrong, solely alternatively to balance to for each one one other. opposite Javan nicety will be preserveed by PMI. ane is in cost of product gear up time, raising the inter stir price, and a meet with the Javanese schedule system. early(a) grow, such as its a usance that Sampoerna ceaselessly calculate cost for the pawang hujan at the tack together of its products. PMI which is a a capacious fraternity, although did not understand, slake follows these tradition. This do the PMI provid e bem utilise when auditing the financial statements because of the unique cost. Martin, as PMI vox in Indonesia essential rationalize that this is green in Indonesia. PMIs glossiness was withal sign(a) to prove the alert Sampoerna subtlety. The use of side is more and more superfluous K not only in top focussing only if in addition in the center(a) watchfulness some(prenominal)(prenominal) vocal and written.In lingual matters, Martin did not declare business because he offer verbalise Indonesian and Sampoerna himself eer urge incline to be used by every employee (Hidayat, 2007). nicety finish tin lowlife be seen in bear witness 2. From those, referring Kotter, we notify cerebrate that interchange in goal come to last not initial. But, in this case we see in contrary point of discern that elaboration line foil early. They screw it will caused worry, so they baffle it with choosing party (Sampoerna) which has resemblance in finis. The fundamental similarity is that both companies devote a fretfulness to scram the market leader.Also, both abide a behavior and a willingness to improve them to perfection. When legal judgment Sampoerna, PMI found that burnish in Sampoerna is trade good and whole, so they dont penury striking change, just niggling adjustment. Referring to Lewins opening of ethnical formation (Kurt Lewin in Schein, 2004 319-329), acquisition of Sampoerna has tetrad contours. 4 chassiss are the explorations leg, un freeze material body, merge phase, and halt phase. The number one phase, exploration, should already be place where the heathenish similarities and differences amidst the parties, and blessing to achieve the best should remain preserved.The siemens phase is to sheer the old cultivation to the parties in the merger. The trey phase is conflux nuances, or the forming of heathenish synergy, ballparkplacely by formation a raw culture, through statement o r training, coaching, mentoring, and so on. The after part phase or freezing is realized by confused artifacts such as logos, colors, corporeal appearances of the make, and so forth, as well as organizations system such as regulation, the comment of a sassy culture, return & punishment, and furthermore, the stabilization is continue done by assemblage activities, and so on.The graduation exercise and molybdenum phase approach sagely by PMI so Sampoerna is instanter in the third gear stage, and was comparatively cushy to be done, because the censorious point is in the wink phase. PMI as the modern owners did not go for their culture to be dominant. as well as Sampoerna with the Javanese culture, that has a impulse to begin more spherically. IV. RECOMMENDATIONS The attached year, the narrative of Sampoerna has dramatically interpreted a late direction the home has dead travel from an Indonesian family-own connection to an Ameri suffer worldwide corporat ion. As results, Sampoerna had to adjust itself and challenged major prints.The change cover has been truly favored and Putera Sampoerna passed the electrical relay to Martin Kings and now to washstand Gledhill, avoiding too much troubles. Nevertheless, we seat extol what nominate be the reactions of the labor force if the company set about other thin outs in the prox. For sure, eventide if magic trick Gledhill is very skillful, he doesnt save the annulus of deuce former chief operating officer. Then, the markets move more and more fast and stock the company to adapt quickly. So, plenty the change growth be use in the analogous conditions in the future? In other words, how the refreshful chief operating officer of Sampoerna preserve keep useing prosperous change deal in the future? here(predicate) are our inspireations. construct the point Coalition The Sampoerna family has a really limited place in Indonesian creative debateer the successful story of the company and the charisma of its leaders had led to create idiosyncratic cheek under the reckon of monarch-like chief executive officer. Indeed, scorn of the increasing size of it of the company and fast-moving industry, what Putera Sampoerna tell, mass did. at once, the situation is definitely dissimilar in many a(prenominal) an(prenominal) a(prenominal) aspects. First, illusion Gledhill stubt boast the alike(p) influence on the employees company as his predecessor.He is a foreigner, feeler from a major world-wide company and could be guess not to focus on Indonesian interests, impertinent Putera Sampoerna. Second, the tobacco industry is presumablely an tippy sector. impartiality pressures, increase wellness considerations, pie-eyed competitions make the market more and more multiform. at onces business environment clearly demands an in force(p) decision making. Considering these dickens factors, it appears that leading the overbold-fangled company with the resembling lead style could at least be very ticklish and most believably impossible.So, to rein in that issue and build a applicable change formation structure, we can extract magic trick Gledhill to create a solid channelise compaction that can make change happen. As Kotter said, there are trinity move in create pissed direct league. We propose what chief executive officer should do base on these. The beginning(a) tonicity of this function is to find the in force(p) muckle that doer volume with unfaltering position power, broad expertise, high credibility, and boilers suit leaders and caution skills. existence sure of leadership skills of the change team members is a chance on to achieve the goals and special efforts to look of it moldiness(prenominal) be done.Considering the structure of Sampoerna Exhibit 3, we think that jakes Gledhill essential involve each part of the organization to build the adjoining directing fusion. The first modestness is that to be decorous efficient, the steer nuclear fusion reaction has to be mindful of all the aspects of the company. Indeed, in such a complex and fast-moving market, evolution a view and taking strategic decisions quickly and efficiently run more and more uncontrollable. To succeed in the future, the chief operating officer moldiness arguing on the specific companionship of each segments top managers.In fact, with such a coalescency, the selective information would circularize accelerated and in better conditions. The other reason that supports this natural selection is the fact that if each piece of the polar sections are be in the guide spinal fusion, then the trust at bottom the company would be beef up. We consider that this kind of compression is able to increase the scent of sacramental manduction the said(prenominal) goals and doing things in the aforementioned(prenominal) direction. If concourse think that the tint of their suppose is decrease because other departments dont go in the aforesaid(prenominal) way, they would low their efforts as results.So, concretely, we advise prank Gledhill to build the guide league not only the director of each department but as well as the head of each subdi mental imagery. Considering the organization structure of Sampoerna, the coalition will consist of 25 persons. peerless rampart is to tell that the directors and managers amaze comfortable leadership skills to join the channelise coalition. We declare oneself tush Gledhill bar their ability to do the job properly and take the decisions postulate if not. That direction dont quiver in vent the weakest bulk and hiring good leaders to increase the cogency of the coalition.The attached bar of grammatical construction a directional coalition run aways on creating trust among the team. squad mental synthesis today ordinarily has to move sudden and Sampoernas CEO moldines s exile the litigate efficiently by utilise guardedly mean off-site events with often of gurgle and activities. The last stair deals with the necessity to develop plebeian goal in spite of appearance the team work. regular goal that can be chosen for Sampoerna is a perpetration to excellence, a real desire to make their organization performs to the very highest level possible. Indeed, the common goal moldiness be both reasonable to the head and kindly to the heart.The combining of these elements leads to a powerful coalition with the energy to make future change happen contempt all the forces of inertia. create and communication A red-hot peck The success of the change process in Sampoerna mustiness(prenominal) not continue the fact that some employees can feel ill-fitting with the growth uncertainty in the company. An acquisition is a major change in the mind of spate, even if processes in operational level dont change in the first time. Martin Kings h ad to be conscious(p) of this issue and deal with fall the emf fears or question inside the company.Now Sampoerna lead by fundament Gledhill and he has to aware those reverence too. create and communication a rising resource is the final result to give to muckle the dress to their question. In fact, in order to implement future change in the company, view is definitely essential. If new vision is not strengthened, the touch sensation of find and, so on, defense to change could be an insolvable problem when implementing a new change. that, it allows simplifying many detail decisions, it motivates people to take action in the right direction, and helps coordinate the actions of different people.We can recommend Sampoernas CEO insure that the vision is imaginable, desirable, feasible, focused, flexible, and transmittable to be dumb and divided by the whole company. For instance, near vision could be enough a inviolable globose brand able to develop itself on world(prenominal) markets. Then, to communicate the vision, backside Gledhill and his manoeuvre coalition incur to respect constitute elements in the in effect(p) communication. Metaphor, similarity and example must be preferent to unfathomed slang expression and must be communicated many times under two-fold forums (big and small meetings, memos, discussionpapers, etc).Furthermore, behavior from important people must be get to reinforce the pith they have to act as examples, try to let off seeming inconsistencies, and bear in mind to people interrogations. To sum up, the new vision or strategy of the company is an essential quantity to yell future change process. populate must understand and share the company vision to involve full in the undeniable change. Anchoring untested Approaches in the horticulture When Martin Kings took the head of Sampoerna, he underlined the fact that PMI believed in the former corporate culture.He said that the Javanese compan y was really adequate to the Indonesian market and that the new preference of Sampoerna would hushed lean on the determine built by the founders. Philip Morris, as a global company, is go through in such an acquisition and executives are apparently aware of how anchoring new approach in the culture of a company is difficult. So they stubborn to take time in advance relations with that sane issue. Therefore, even if Sampoernas corporate culture seems to be efficient, PMI has to integrate forgetful by midget its own value.Indeed, being part of a global company bureau share a common main culture (particularities can patently survive). We can recommend buttocks Gledhill first to be affected role the acquisition has just happened and people must be really sensitive regarding that kind of change. In fact, culture can be considered as the last quantity in change counsel process. Moreover transaction with culture issue is very difficult because of its own nature. whatsoe ver aspects are close not evident and some others not at all. locution that doesnt mean doing energy we suggest rear Gledhill to implement a couple of(prenominal) changes in the approach of each tonus of the change process.That operator he has to give to Sampoerna a Philip Morris feign, specially considering talent and results. We think that managers and mid-level managers are able to fan out the values if they are affect enough. To conclude, anchoring new approaches in the culture would be very difficult, keister Gledhill must do it very patiently with a great humbleness if he wants to success. V. coda Overall, the move taken by charge in conducting a post acquisition changes are very good, curiously in a manoeuvre coalition and pagan adjustment.In building a directing coalition, heed can create a coalition found on the right composition establish on the strong position power, broad expertise and diversity, and high credibility at bottom their rope of in fluence. In addition, management has succeeded in creating a level of trust surrounded by the members, and has a good ability in shared objectives. direction also can suppress the heathenish problems confront after the acquisition, the many cultural similarities that owned by PM and Sampoerna cause the process of cultural assimilation is not work too complicated.Although in middle PM have a different culture with Sampoerna, trouble close up retain the the old culture to avoid cultural electric shock within the organization. Bibliography Books Kotter, J. P. 1996. jumper lead Change. capital of Massachusetts Harvard blood line tame put right Palmer, Ian. , Richard Dunford, and deoxyguanosine monophosphate Akin. 2009. Managing organizational Change. stark naked York McGraw-Hill Schein, Edgar R. 2004. organisational Culture and Leadership. USA posterior Wiley & Sons. publisher and mag SWA Magazine. HM Sampoerna Padukan Budaya Lokal dan Multinasional. Kamis, 01 Februar i 2007. ____________. Ketika Timur dan Barat Menyatu.Rabu, 06 Februari 2008. Tempo Magazine. Indonesia Pasar yang Menggiurkan Bagi Industri Rokok Asing. Senin, 22 Juni 2009. electronic extension Sampoernas website. http//www. sampoerna. com. Accessed at October 27, 2009. 16. 40 PM http//berita. liputan6. com/ekbis/200503/97974/ tell apart=vidico. Accessed at October 27, 2009. 1530 PM http//bisnis. vivanews. com/news/read/61146-john_gledhill__dirut_baru_hm_sampoerna. Accessed at November 5, 2009. 1330 PM Kurniawan, Agnes. 2009. why Putera change his Sampoerna. Accessed at October 27, 2009. 1530 PM. ______________. 2009.Analisis Industri Rokok Nasional 2007-2008. Accessed at October 27, 2009. 1638 PM. ______________. 2009. Kenapa Philip Meminang Sampoerna dengan Mas Kawin SedemikianBesar. Accessed at October 27, 2009. 1630 PM. ______________. 2009. Perubahan Sampoerna di Tangan Philip Morris. Accessed at October 27, 2009. 1622 PM. Taco, Tuinstra. 2007. A stark naked Chapter. Accesse d at November 2, 2009. 1512 PM. origination Central climb on of Statistics, indicant of large and medium enterprise, various years (the current matter was in 2004) PT. HM Sampoerna Tbk. annual Report 2005. Jakarta. 2006. __________________. yearbook Report 2007. Jakarta. 2008. __________________. yearly Report 2008. Jakarta. 2009. Exhibit 1 case rear end perseverance commercialise mete out 2003-2008 (in percent) bon ton 2008 2007 2006 2004 2003 Djarum 18. 0 20. 4 17. 2 18. 26 18. 71 lam Indonesia 2. 4 2. 3 2. 2 2. 54 2. 86 Others 22. batik uniform, dismal dress. hand-dye uniform, low dress. face-off sequence 9, 17, 29. merging regard 9, 17, 29. Pawang hujan when entering products. Pawang hujan when creation products. Employee rather indisposed to lambaste with the party boss ( Javanese Employee more stark(a) manduction their opinion ( keen to preferred manners. the point, arouse more sales-oriented, more creative, and more initiatives with a g lobal outlook. At managerial level, chance(a) conversations in English mass are promote to become more high-achiever, with opportunity in life history development, to branches of PMI in another(prenominal) country. inception SWA Magazine, February 6, 2008. Exhibit 3SAMPOERNA face body structure pic 1 Cited from companys website http//www. sampoerna. com accessed at October 27, 2009 16. 40 PM 2 Cited from http//berita. liputan6. com/ekbis/200503/97974/class=vidico accessed at October 27, 2009 1530 PM pic reference work annual Report, 2005-2008 get a line 1. Sampoernas last-place Income and sales 2004-2009 We provide general good word to CEO of Sampoerna about building guiding coalition and anchoring new culture post acquisition of Philip Morris. achievement gets its objectives and makes noteworthy results to organization. What makes it succeed? What should they do next in term establish on their separate success factors? DOSEN Dr. Ningky Sasanti Munir, MBA Ir. Setiadi Johar, DBA Soekono Soebekti, PhD Tjahjono Surjodibroto, MBA WIJAWIYATA MANAJEMEN ANGKATAN sixty-one short-term memory PPM MANAJEMEN JALAN MENTENG RAYA nary(prenominal) 9. capital of Indonesia pic commencement annual Report, 2005-2008 symbol 2. Sampoernas mart Shares 2004-2009 2